Review the molecular mechanisms used by adult schistosoma worms to Essay

Review the molecular mechanisms used by adult schistosoma worms to survive in the bloodstream - Essay Example The remaining eggs often go into circulation and get filtered in the periportal tracts within the liver, and this causes periportal fibrosis. According to Ashton and Wilson (2001), the major schistosome species that affect individuals are: Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. These parasites experience remarkable physiological and morphological changes throughout their life as a means of survival and adaptation to their varying living conditions in different hosts. These parasites are unique because they exhibit unique adaptations both to free-living, as well as parasitic living. The adaptations exhibited by these parasites allow movement between intermediary hosts and the ultimate host. Schistosomes survive within the host by adopting mechanisms that counter the effect of the hosts’ defense mechanisms. These adaptations occur both at the molecular and structural levels. Schistosomes have various adaptations at the molecular level and these i nclude anti-oxidant production and glycoproteins secretion among others. Structural adaptations also help facilitate survival, and these include tails or cilia for swimming, secretory glands for penetration into the host, a glycocalyx for host immuno-modulation or protection of the parasite, a gynaecophoric canal for continued coupling between sexes, and a well-organized reproductive system for proper egg fertilization, as well as muscular suckers for feeding and attachment. This paper reviews these adaptation strategies, and how they are employed in survival. Additionally, possible interventions are proposed to counter the effect of these adaptations so as to make the parasites vulnerable to the host’s immune system and possible elimination. Adaptations for survival among schistosomes entail evasive strategies that enable the parasites to survive within the host without being affected by the hosts’ immunity. The evasion

Strategic Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Strategic Marketing Plan - Essay Example In essence, a smart TV is more like a smartphone and a great deal superior to the â€Å"idiot box† it used to be called (Sinclair 2011a, 3; Sinclair 2011c, 3). This strategic marketing plan is prepared for Samsung TV, which is particularly geared toward the Australian market. Before this report proceeds to Samsung TV, it will discuss the SBU in general first. Samsung (2011) aims to position itself as a leader in â€Å"innovative technology, distinctive designs, and a dual focus on convenience and value.† From 2007 to 2010, Samsung Electronics experienced continued revenue growth (Businessweek, 2011). The company posted 2007 revenues of $84.49 billion, which increased by $48.14 billion by 2010. In 2010, Samsung made $132.626 billion in revenues (Businessweek, 2011). Gross profit also jumped from $23.695 billion in 2007 to $44.569 billion in 2010 (Businessweek, 2011). Samsung also enjoyed profitability ratios that are part of the top ones in the industry. Return on Assets is 6.83%, Return on Capital is 9.11%, and Return on Equity is 16.07% (Businessweek, 2011). Gross margin is 31.86% and EBITDA Margin is 16.81% (Businessweek, 2011). Samsung Electronics Australia was created in1987 as a sales and marketing auxiliary of Samsung Electronics (AO3 2011). Samsung Electronics Australia is composed of three divisions: â€Å"Consumer Electronics, Information Technology, and Telecommunications† (AO3 2011). Furthermore, Samsung Australia’s TV business unit is considered as a â€Å"key driver in the Samsung Set Business portfolio, along with the Mobile phone business† (Samsung 2011). The TV business has held a strong top position in the market share (Samsung 2011). LED TVs have led the growth in the TV business, while Samsung’s LCD and Plasma TVs are also industry leaders (Samsung 2011). This indicates that for Samsung Australia, Samsung TV is a strategic fit within the corporate structure, because it sustains the marketing of innovation and