REWARDS AND BENEFITS IN VOLVO CAR COMPANY - HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay

REWARDS AND BENEFITS IN VOLVO CAR COMPANY - HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example In such manner, specialists (Arnold and Silvester, pp. 12-19, 2005) have recognized significant change in the viewpoint and disposition of bosses towards their representatives, and this demonstrates making of various creative arrangements and systems to guarantee persuasive working environment condition for the laborers. In particular, execution and prize administration is one critical segment of HRM that assumes a pivotal job in each association, and examination has shown that associations are these days depending vigorously on the components of advantages and awards as modes and apparatuses of guaranteeing authoritative accomplishment by ensuring proficient and profitable execution of the workers. Especially, this paper is an endeavor in a similar arrangement of endeavors that will concentrate on distinguishing proof of different sorts of advantages and pay frameworks existing comprehensively, just as, reward systems of Volvo Car Corporation that will permit comprehension of the su bject in sensible way. Various Forms of Rewards assume a significant job in each human life, and especially, it is an understanding that prize is one of the parts that drive the general public to create and develop in various angles. This works in the hierarchical setting also; be that as it may, before recognizing various types of remunerations and pay, specialists (Robbins et al., pp. 39-47, 2009) have proposed that it is significant that businesses should invest amounts of energy to guarantee coordination of rewards’ system with hierarchical goals and mission, as non-mix frequently have brought about disappointment of the methodologies. For example, if hierarchical crucial to turn into a market chief, Corporation should keep a more lucrative prize framework to hold best ability from the market, and if mission is to endure and go with stream of the market, and afterward a lower-reward framework will fill in too. Following are a portion of the basic types of pay and rewards: Fixed Pay This is the most well-known and traditional type of remuneration that remembers installment to workers for a fix-pay system, normally on month to month premise (Rothwell et al., pp. 23-25, 2009). In this sort of technique, workers get fix regularly scheduled installment regardless of any adjustment in execution or profitability. It is a perception that associations are presently moving endlessly from the fixed compensation technique because of predominance of other current prize and execution the board frameworks. Variable Pay Method â€Å"Why would it be a good idea for me to put forth an additional attempt for this activity? For what reason should I attempt to contribute and think increasingly about the authoritative objectives and success† (Langton, pp. 46-76, 2000)? Previously mentioned is one of the normal articulations that one can get notification from workers in a fix-pay framework that brought about the formation of variable compensation technique framewor k that â€Å"bases a part or the entirety of the employees’ income on some individual or hierarchical recipe or proportion of productivity† (Torrington, Hall, and Taylor, pp. 365-348, 2005). Examination has demonstrated that 60% of the associations in the United Kingdom are relying upon the variable compensation framework to redress and propel their laborers. One of the significant advantages of utilizing this framework is decrease of fixed work expenses, and this framework empowers the associations to concentrate more fair and square of efficiency and execution that is regularly impractical or not useful in fixed compensation technique. Other than these compensation frameworks,

Causes and Effects of Government Shutdowns

Circumstances and end results of Government Shutdowns For what reason would a significant part of the U.S. central government shut down and what happens when it does?â The Cause of Government Shutdowns The U.S. Constitution necessitates that all uses of government reserves be approved by Congress with the endorsement of the President of the United States. The U.S. government and the bureaucratic spending process work on a financial year cycle running from October 1 to 12 PM September 30. On the off chance that Congress neglects to pass the entirety of the spending bills involving the yearly administrative financial plan or proceeding with goals broadening spending past the finish of the monetary year; or if the president neglects to sign or vetoes any of the individual spending charges, certain insignificant elements of the legislature might be compelled to stop because of an absence of congressionally-approved subsidizing. The outcome is an administration shutdown. The Current Border Wall Shutdown of 2019 The latest government shutdown, and the third of the Donald Trump administration started on December 22, 2018, when Congress and the White House neglected to concur on the consideration in a yearly spending bill of $5.7 billion mentioned by President Trump for the development of an extra 234 miles of fencing to be added to the current security boundary along the U.S. outskirt with Mexico. On January 8, with no limit to the stalemate in sight, President Trump took steps to proclaim a national crisis engaging him to sidestep to subsidize the fringe fencing. In any case, by January 12, what had become the longest enduring government shutdown in U.S. history had covered nine of the 15 government official branch offices, and left more than 800,000 bureaucratic laborers including Border Patrol officials, TSA operators, and air traffic controllers-either working without pay or sitting at home on leave of absence. Rubbish started accumulating and guest security turned into an issue at national stops as park officers had been sent home. In spite of the fact that Congress had passed a bill on January 11 giving possible full back compensation to the representatives, the strain of missed checks became obvious.â In a broadcast address on January 19, President Trump offered a proposition he trusted would take Democrats back to the bartering table to haggle on a migration change for outskirt security bargain that would end the then 29-day-long government shutdown. The president offered to back movement approaches Democrats and had since quite a while ago mentioned, including a three-year restoration of the DACA-Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals-program as a byproduct of endorsement of a perpetual $7 billion outskirt security bundle, including $5.7 billion for the fringe divider. DACA is a right now lapsed movement approach authorized by President Obama permitting qualified people who were brought to the United States unlawfully as youngsters to get an inexhaustible two-year time of conceded activity from expulsion and become qualified for a work grant in the U.S. Not exactly an hour after the president’s address, Democrats dismissed the deal since it neglected to offer lasting security for the DACA settlers and in light of the fact that it despite everything included cash for the fringe divider. Democrats again requested that President Trump end the shutdown before arrangements proceeded. On January 24, Government Executive magazine detailed that dependent on pay information from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the then 34-day-long halfway government was costing U.S. citizens more than $86 million per day in back compensation vowed to more than 800,000 furloughed laborers. A Temporary Agreement Reached On January 25, President Trump declared that an understanding had been reached between his office and Democratic pioneers in Congress that would briefly revive the administration until February 15 without the incorporation of any subsidizing for development of extra outskirt fencing. The understanding likewise given that every single government worker influenced by the shutdown would get full back compensation. As indicated by the President, the deferral would take into consideration further dealings on subsidizing of the fringe divider, which he said stayed a need to national security. At long last, the President expressed that if subsidizing for the fringe divider was not consented to by February 15, he would either reestablish the administration shutdown or proclaim a national crisis permitting him to reallocate existing asset for the reason. Nonetheless, on February 15, the president marked a trade off spending charge turning away another shutdown. That day, he gave a National Emergency Proclamation diverting $3.5 billion from the Defense Department’s military development spending plan to the development of new fringe divider. Under the details of the Antideficiency Act, the shutdown might not have been legitimate in any case. Since the administration had the $5.7 billion expected to fabricate the fringe divider, the shutdown had been founded on an issue of political philosophy as opposed to an issue of financial need, as required by the law. The Ghosts of Shutdowns Past Somewhere in the range of 1981 and 2019, there were five government shutdowns. While the initial four went to a great extent unnoticed by anyone yet the government workers influenced, the American individuals shared the torment during the last one.â 1981: President Reagan vetoed a proceeding with goals, and 400,000 government workers were sent home at lunch and advised not to return. A couple of hours after the fact, President Reagan marked another adaptation of the proceeding with goals and the laborers were back busy working the following morning. 1984: With no endorsed spending plan, 500,000 government laborers were sent home. A crisis spending bill had them all back busy working the following day. 1990: With no spending plan or proceeding with goals, the legislature closes down during the whole three-day Columbus Day weekend. Most specialists were off at any rate and a crisis spending bill marked by President Bush throughout the end of the week had them back grinding away Tuesday morning. 1995-1996: Two government shutdowns starting on November 14, 1995, sat various elements of the government for different periods of time until April of 1996. The most genuine government shutdowns in the countries history came about because of a spending stalemate between Democratic President Clinton and the Republican-controlled Congress over financing for Medicare, instruction, the earth, and general wellbeing. 2013: For 17 repetitive days, from October 1 through October 16, the enduring contradiction among Republicans and Democrats in Congress over spending constrained a halfway shutdown that saw in excess of 800,000 government workers furloughed, U.S veterans bolted out of their own war commemorations, and a great many guests drove away from national parks. Unfit to pass an ordinary yearly financial plan, Congress thought about a proceeding with goals (CR) that would have kept up subsidizing at current levels for a half year. In the House, Tea Party Republicans joined corrections to the CR that would have postponed usage of President Obama’s human services change lawâ€Obamacareâ€for one year. This altered CR got no opportunity of going in the Democrat-controlled Senate. The Senate sent the House a â€Å"clean† CR without any revisions, however Speaker of the House John Boehner would not permit the spotless CR to go to a vote of the House. Because of the stalemate over Obamacare, no financing CR was passed by October 1-the finish of the government’s 2013 monetary year-and the shutdown started. As the shutdown medicate on, general assessment of Republicans, Democrats and President Obama started to plunge and, to exacerbate the situation, the U.S. was set to arrive at its obligation limit on October 17. Neglecting to pass enactment raising as far as possible by the cutoff time could have constrained the administration to default on its obligation without precedent for history, setting the installment of government benefits at risk for being postponed. On October 16, confronted with as far as possible emergency and expanding open appall with Congress, Republicans and Democrats at long last conceded to and passed a bill incidentally reviving the administration and expanding as far as possible. Unexpectedly, the bill-driven by the government’s need to lessen spending-likewise burned through billions of dollars, including a tax-exempt endowment of $174,000 to the widow of an expired representative. The Costs of Government Shutdowns The first of the two government shutdowns in 1995-1996 endured just six days, from November 14 to November 20. Following the six-day shutdown, the Clinton organization discharged a gauge of what the six days of a lingered national government had cost. Lost Dollars: The six-day shutdown cost citizens about $800 million, including $400 million to furloughed government representatives who were paid, yet didn't answer to work and another $400 million in lost income in the four days that the IRS authorization divisions were closed.Medicare: Some 400,000 recently qualified Medicare beneficiaries were postponed in applying for the program.Social Security: Claims from 112,000 new Social Security candidates were not handled. 212,000 new or substitution Social Security cards were not given. 360,000 office visits were denied. 800,000 cost free calls for data were not answered.Healthcare: New patients were not acknowledged into clinical research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical focus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stopped infection observation and hotline calls to NIH concerning sicknesses were not answered.Environment: Toxic waste tidy up work at 609 destinations halted as 2,400 Superfund laborers were sen t home.Law Enforcement and Public Safety: Delays happened in the preparing of liquor, tobacco, guns, and explosives applications by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; chip away at in excess of 3,500 insolvency cases purportedly was suspended; retraction of the enrollment and testing of government law authorization authorities reporte

The Impact of the First World War Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The Impact of the First World War - Assignment Example  The dread of a German uprising was no longer in the brains of the French as all the land that Germany was required to hand over was restored; the most significant areas being Alsace and Lorraine. Germany's military was scaled back to a limit of 100,000 men; they were prevented the utilization from claiming tanks. The flying corps was disbanded and the naval force was just permitted to staff and work six boats; be that as it may, no submarines were permitted to stay operational. The land fifty kilometers east of the Rhine was articulated a neutral territory, where no warrior with a weapon could enter. Abroad land recently claimed by Germany was given to various European nations. The Saar, Danzig, and Memel were put heavily influenced by the League of Nations. One of the more significant results was the War Guilt Clause that necessary Germany to assume on full liability for beginning the war. This was significant as it would show the world France's explanation behind support in the war was distinctly to protect against the German assaults. This additionally implied Germany would need to pay reparations to France for the physical harm caused during the war. Clemenceau was the most fulfilled out of the three heads with the mortification of Germany, and France presently discovered new force on the planet. Wilson was satisfied in light of the fact that because of the Paris Peace Conference his vision of the League of Nations had become a reality. The League would make it conceivable to comprehend clashes everywhere throughout the world in a serene way, showing Wilson's longing for overall harmony. He said so a lot: To advance universal co-activity and to accomplish worldwide harmony and security. (Wilson) The expense of making the League was losing his other 13 unique philosophy focuses to pick up the worldwide help that was important to begin the League and make it a triumph. As the post-war world was in the battle of discovering harmony, there were a ton of nations captivated by the universal association that vowed to bring world harmony. Wilson was of a harmony adoring nature and was unmistakably maddened by the incredible number of limitations that Germany needed to consent to in the Treaty just as all the reparations they needed to make. The unforgiving conditions that were forced on Germany humiliated and disgraced Wilson. By and by, he was happy with the beginning of the League of Nations. One certainty to be noted is that reparations to the United States were not commanded in the Treaty. The facts demonstrate that the misfortunes of the United States were not on a similar scale as Britain and France in view of their late passageway into the war. Lloyd-George was maybe the least happy with the last terms of the arrangement as a result of Clemenceau's tirelessness to bankrupt the German economy.â â

How the design, function and content of web pages influence the meaning and value of information free essay sample

Sites are quickly turning out to be, and now and again are as of now, the favored media decision for data search, organization introduction, shopping, training, gaming, mingling, and considerably more. These days, where visual images assume an inexorably significant job in our everyday lives, the structure, substance, and capacity of website pages, have a critical impact in affecting the importance and estimation of data. The importance and estimation of data can be turned out by a couple of straightforward inquiries; who is the creator of this data? Who is the provider? For what reason is it given/what is its motivation? Who are the target group? What is the source? Lastly, how present and precise right? The last two inquiries are presumably the most important with regards to the worth, as though it were an auxiliary, out-dated, and off base source, it would not be entirely significant. The terms configuration, capacity, and substance must be taken a gander at and characterized to address this inquiry. We will compose a custom paper test on How the plan, capacity and substance of site pages impact the importance and estimation of data or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Plan of a website page principally alludes to how the page looks to the client and its format also. While work is about how the site functions, regardless of whether it is simple or not for the client to explore around the site or whether connections and pictures take a shot at the site. At last, content is the content, pictures and different components that make up the center of the page. In this article we will be seeing issues extending from the open doors the web furnishes us with to introduce data, to the difficulties that are made when data is shown on the web. What's more, we will likewise be taking a gander at issues, for example, how we can set up the nature of our data just as how the introduction and plan of site pages impact the estimation of our data specifically. The web gives us numerous chances to introduce our data on our site pages. It empowers us to draw in key crowds using styling our site pages. This is evident in sites focused on kids, which will have uproarious/splendid hues, fascinating textual styles, and simple to utilize highlights. A prime case of this would be the cbeebies BBC site, here the site is; anything but difficult to explore, splendid and vivid, and even has some animation style textual styles being used to pull in their principle crowd of youngsters. The web likewise permits us to introduce data in a manner that empowers us to convey our objectives and thoughts with the overall population. For instance, you can utilize connections to sites you need your clients to visit. I utilized this in my own page, where I welcomed clients to check my dashing team’s page, to make open mindfulness. This, yet the web permits us to introduce our data such that lets clients disperse between what they need to know and what they don’t. Fundamental hunt bars are an ideal case of this yet in addition route instruments, for example, placing in a class capacity to a site. On the off chance that I had more data to introduce a route device would have unquestionably been a need for my site pages, in any case, with there being a modest quantity of data, I felt this would not be of extraordinary use. At long last, the web gives us the chance to introduce data around the world. The web is turning out to be increasingly worldwide as time advances and with this, comes the chance to contact crowds far and wide. With the presentation of programs that can decipher an entire page, language is certainly not a huge issue any longer. Notwithstanding the web furnishing us with chances to introduce our data, the way that it is on the web impacts the manner by which it is imparted to other people. An organization who utilizes the web, for instance, as opposed to papers or neighborhood adverts to build open attention to themselves, will no doubt seem to be present day, current, creative and so forth. Marc Benioff featured this moment that he clarified, â€Å"The organizations that will be fruitful later on perceive the requirement for in a general sense changing the manner in which they draw in with their clients, and are changing themselves into social endeavors and fundamentally modifying the manner in which they deal with their organizations. † This features the requirement for organizations to grasp the web, and that the web nearness of data can for sure impact the manner by which it is partaken in a positive manner. It helps answer one of the inquiries presented before about how current the data is. There are a few difficulties that get from having data online on website pages. One of which being the test of availability. This is a key test in having data in site pages being on the web. A site should be as available as could reasonably be expected, which means making your site open for individuals of different foundations, capacities and incapacities. To do this, one must structure and build up the site page with the goal that all clients have a similar access to the data, just as the usefulness and highlights of the site. One such way I found that I had the option to do this was using ‘ALT’ labels. A model would be ‘alt=An picture of the three OSW hustling vehicles. ’ ‘ALT’ labels are a manner by which individuals who may have a visual debilitation can comprehend what is on the site page using a screen peruser. Getting a site to work, and do so well, can likewise be a huge test. Drawing in clients to your site is just a large portion of the fight. On the off chance that a client shows up at your site and they are uncertain of how to explore their way through, for instance, at that point they will presumably leave as fast as they came. One such manner by which I attempted to address this was by making it understood to clients how to get between my pages. I put my connections at the highest point of the page in a reasonable and brief manner so clients will have the option to explore effectively with no pressure. These difficulties reflect how the plan, substance and capacity impact the importance and estimation of data. On the off chance that a site isn't open for everybody, at that point a few people will clearly be not able to evaluate the importance of your data. Similarly as though clients can't really utilize the site they won't esteem the data. This statement from ‘usability first’ features this consummately, â€Å"When clients feel dumb, their circulatory strain goes up, their pulse increments, and they get a little angry as a mad bull. This instinctive negative response starts to hurt trust and brand discernment very quickly. † Establishing nature of data on site pages is fundamental to getting clients to esteem your data. Configuration, capacity and substance of site pages would all be able to assist with building up the nature of data. Data that is introduced to you in a disrupted manner that is even difficult to comprehend will be of less use to you. This is the reason configuration is so significant in affecting the nature of data. Getting the structure of your page right can make data such a great amount of more obvious and thusly, saw as better quality by clients. One such way I attempted to make my data more obvious was through division of my subjects into clear and compact passages. Capacity is similarly as significant with regards to nature of data. As we have seen already, in the event that the website page is difficult to utilize and usefulness is poor, at that point they won't esteem that data. At long last, content likewise has a key influence in making sure about the nature of data. So as to make sure about this quality, the substance must be exact, significant, and at whatever point conceivable cutting-edge. On the off chance that the data isn’t precise, important or modern then clients won't respect it with top notch, nor will they esteem the data. The estimation of data on website pages can be impacted by plan and introduction through something other than building up the quality. A key territory inside structure and an issue that extraordinarily influences how clients will esteem your data is shading plans. In website architecture hues assume a basic job, they make feeling, they impact reason and they cause us to respond in various manners. This implies an inappropriate decision of shading plan can really hurt how clients esteem the data of site pages. This theme is quite compelling to myself, and really represents a test as I have a partially blind inadequacy. At the point when I was making my templates I needed to remember the way that shading is so significant. In addition to the fact that I had to pick which hues to go with I likewise needed to settle on a choice on which template I would use for each page and why. At long last I chose to utilize the inventive template for my own page in light of the fact that I’d like to consider myself innovative and this allowed me the chance to depict this. I picked orange as the prevailing shading on this page for two reasons; one being that it is the shade of my dashing group, and two, that it is related with energy, aspiration and imagination. Once more, allowing me the chance to get over my thoughts/objectives, I. e. indicating to clients that I have those characteristics (or that I think I have them). The significance and estimation of data is significant with regards to making a site page. We have seen that the structure, capacity and substance of site pages all assume an enormous job in impacting this. For instance, we have seen that the web gives us various chances to introduce our data, for example, getting our data across to key crowds and imparting our objectives and thoughts with them. Furthermore, the web nearness of our data helps increment the estimation of data through appearing to others as current. We likewise took a gander at the numerous difficulties that are made while having a page and how defeating these difficulties by making your site simpler to use through funct

More on the Paris Metro

More on the Paris Metro Confusing screens at Chatelet station, Paris The terms almost over! While Im excited for the summer, with a continuation of my January internship at the BNSF Railway in Texas, Ill also be missing some of the great experiences Ive enjoyed this semester. Ill tell you about one of them here. For the past four months, Ive been working with the MIT Design Lab to propose improvements to and new ideas for the metropolitan Paris subway system. (I introduced this to you sometime in February.) Our effort is directly sponsored by RATP, Paris public transit authority, and we met at their corporate offices over Spring Break to present research we had done so far. Technically its a grad class, and yeah the class is about half masters, half PhD students (and then me), but age doesnt matter so much in these things. RATP headquarters (Maison de la RATP/House of RATP) near Gare de Lyon, Paris For the first three weeks or so, we developed ideas independently we urban planners, architects, designers, and MBA students, that is! As you can imagine, we all came up with wildly different stuff, though very interesting in all of its own ways. The workshop began very open-ended: our weekly assignments were literally things like think about the Paris subway system, do a little research, and come up with some ideas about useful improvements and now that youve learned some more about [x], extend your ideas to reflect that new insight. It was really refreshing to just sit back and see what everyone brought to class, and how they were inspired by your previous thoughts, or vice versa. One bright concept could change the direction of the entire term! The professor and instructors took our ideas and split them into four big groups cultural, commercial, learning, and social connection and assigned three to four people from the class to work on each of these four project areas. I had suggested education as a possible use of subway station and train space, so not surprisingly, I was assigned to the learning group. :) Each group then met with Marco Susani, a design director at Motorola whose team developed the RAZR phone. He had some good initial insight about what it means to be mobile, in the sense of exchange of information in a mobile environment like the Metro. The next week, Madame Furstenberg, my French teacher from last semester, came to the class with the director of the MIT-France program to give a crash course on Parisian culture. She pointed out a neat site called Objectif Respect, which RATP created to promote more friendly interactions on Paris buses and subways. :-P (I hadnt seen it, and its worth a click check out the Top 10!) And then in true French style, a wine and cheese reception followed. We arrived in Paris on a Saturday, and our first assignment was to perform an ethnography of the subway during the weekend. We toured the various lines and spent a good two days underground examining everything from the advertising on the walls to poorly designed staircases that disrupt crowd flow. Yeah, they paid for our subway fares. (those red boxes show where on the platform the camera is pointing) We took thousands of pictures of station entrances, train interiors, chairs, vending machines, posters, placards, people walking, and even overflowing trash cans. We sorted through all of this stuff and picked out the 20 or 30 shots that best represented things we wanted to demonstrate. The hotel wasnt too happy with our expropriation of the breakfast room as daily workspace we moved the cups and plates around on the tables to accommodate our laptops, and they made us put them back perfectly as we had found them! For each photo that we selected, we added a caption that explained the phenomenon of interest. (This was a slide explaining something about social interaction and the indirect means we currently use to express ourselves to strangers on the train.) These ethnography images formed the basis of further inquiry for the rest of the semester. We also incorporated many of them in our formal presentations to RATP (which Ill get to shortly). A photo of Madeleine station, under construction On Monday, we enjoyed a tour of the new driverless Line 14, with a visit to its Bercy operations control center at the end. Ive visited operations centers for Amtrak, MBTA, and BNSF, and I can pretty much say that they all look pretty similar. :-P Line 14s was like a mini version, comprising a single room and a few personnel. We broke for a few hours and reconvened at 6pm for a tour of Chatelet-Les Halles, the central hub of the Paris subway network. This involved a tour of not only the station itself, but also the surrounding Les Halles shopping complex and outdoor areas. We spent a fair amount of time underground just walking around, taking pictures, and observing the unique crowd behavior that forms at rush hour. Our midterm presentation to RATP was the next morning, so everyone worked feverishly into the night to incorporate all of the things we had experienced in the preceding days with the research we had done prior to arriving in Paris. Again, we commandeered the hotel breakfast room, though some of us who were still working past 1am were kicked out (!) since the lobby manager was leaving for the night. My group ended up on the stairs! The next day saw us rising early. We didnt expect so many people to be there managers of entire subway lines (1 and 14), directors of entire departments, project managers (like one lady who manages all of the information kiosks in the stations), and even a few graduate students who are interning at the agency. We talked about what we had seen, problem areas to consider, and defined a trajectory for our work going forward. Examples include new navigation systems, ways to make existing signage less confusing, methods to teach history and culture to Metro riders, a system like Craigslists missed connections forum, social games to play with other passengers (like scavenger hunts), and more effective business models for transactions of goods/services within the Metro. Yeah, were intently watching. :P Feedback was given by RATP after each group’s presentation. We were reminded to consider the less technologically savvy customers, and to cater to their needs as well. Additionally, challenges of physical security often limit potential uses of the Metro space. The balance of creativity and security is an especially important one youve got to be able to evacuate tons of people quickly in case of emergency. Many of our ideas focused on platform and residual spaces, without giving enough thought to the spaces within the trains themselves. Also, many slides talked about events or activities involving lots of people â€" but while more people means more potential revenue, the higher traffic also results in services becoming harder to deliver. We gathered some great direction for our future work. After an excellent lunch, we had an ideation session in which the personnel split up between our four project groups for some rapid-fire idea generation. This involved large sheets of butcher paper and hundreds of brightly-colored Post-it notes! (Im not kidding.) When we came back to Cambridge, we began some serious work on refining our proposals, culminating with this past Mondays final review. Ill blog about that soon!

History & Social Studies Essay - 1100 Words

History & Social Studies (Essay Sample) Content: The Major Developments Of DemocracyName:Institution:IntroductionThis paper looks at the developments of democracy in the United States from 1765 to 1787. According to reliable sources featured in this paper, the developments of American democracy began in 1763 after the victorious war by British Empire against French and Indian colonies. The proceedings of the war left British in heavy debt, which led it to impose increased tax on its colonies (Madison, et al. 2003).The democracy revolution began in 1764 when the sugar Act was enacted. In 1773, the Tea Act was again enforced. The Tea was being transported from East India Company through England and into America. The new tax made the shipment to hike upwards. This act resulted in a high increase in tea prices, and increased the emergence of smugglers in the tea market. The British was frustrating the life of its colonies while making profits out of it (Morgan, 2003). This is one factor that led to the onset of the Amer ican Revolution which concluded in 1783 when the British was defeated by the United States.Factors Leading To The War For DemocracySeveral factors such as the alliance of America with French and Spain and the long distance between Englandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s colony base and its mother country, led to the defeat of the British. However, before the war broke out, there are some factors that led to the war for democracy by the American government against the British combat troops (Foner, 1999).The main factor that led to the revolution for democracy in America was the policy that British set that its colonies would be paying an increased amount of fees associated with their upkeep by the British Empire (Schneirov, 2013). This was implemented by imposing several direct tax which together with other unpopular laws by England were extremely disliked in America. It is important to understand thatÂthe colonies did not have elected representationÂleaders in the governing British Parliament. America and many other colonistsÂstrongly considered the laws set by the British to be a violation of theirÂrights.In 1772, some American groups began to createÂCommittees of Correspondence which began the creation of the constitution. By 1774, these Committees of Correspondence which were now leading Provincial Congresses rejected the British Parliament and replaced the British ruling apparatus through theÂFirst Continental Congress. Protests began to happen especially inÂBostonÂand Virginia over Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Parliament's attempts to exercise authority in the United States. Edmund S. Morgan examines these proceedings in details in his book American Slavery, American Freedom (Morgan, 2003). The British responded by sending troops who dissolvedÂthe American local governments and enforced a direct form of rule by the Royal officials. Consequently, the American colonial states mobilized itsÂmilitias, and fighting broke out in 1775 (Morgan, 2003).I n 1776, representatives of the American original thirteen states met in the Second Continental Congress and voted unanimously to adopt a Declaration of Independence Act which rejected theÂBritish EmpireÂin addition to the rejection of the British Parliament in 1774. This is the Declaration that established the United States as a sovereign country governed originally as a loose confederation where the state legislatures through aÂrepresentative democracyÂselected the leaders (Schneirov, 2013).Based on these proceedings several thinkers has had an influence not only on the American public life but also in the developments of the American democracy in the late 18th century. This paper looks at some of the philosophical essays, politics and pedagogy literature to help understand the developments of this democracy. These revolution writers takes an overview of the Democracy of the American government from the era of the Revolution to the present day. One common ideal with these writers is that freedom or democracy in America has is the strongest cultural bond and has been a birth right for some while on the other hand it has been a mockery to others (Schneirov, 2013).Federalist Number 10One brilliant article that describes the American Revolution through the creation of the US Constitution is the Federalist Number 10. Federalist No. 10 is an essay authored by James Madison that provides a series of argument regarding the ratification of the Constitution of the United States (Madison, et al. 2003). This essay was published on 22nd November, 1787 under the name pseudonym Publius, because all Federalist Papers were published under that name. Federalist No. 10 is one of the most highly regarded political writings of the American history. Federalist No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "pseudo-transformational factions", or groups of individuals, with political interests that are contrary to the rights of the citizens or the interests o f the entire community. His recommendation is that such factions would be guarded by having a strong and big republic rather than having devolved smaller republics such as the individual states(Madison, et al. 2003). The Constitution developers who were opponents to his argument provided counterarguments to his position. Madison position is seen as having been substantially derived from the commentary of Montesquieu.The Story of American FreedomEric Foner is another revolutionist writer who narrates a synthesis encapsulation of the American history in the eyes of "freedom" in his book titled "The Story of American Freedomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The Los Angeles Times Book Review provides a critical analysis of F... History & Social Studies Essay - 1100 Words History & Social Studies (Essay Sample) Content: The Major Developments Of DemocracyName:Institution:IntroductionThis paper looks at the developments of democracy in the United States from 1765 to 1787. According to reliable sources featured in this paper, the developments of American democracy began in 1763 after the victorious war by British Empire against French and Indian colonies. The proceedings of the war left British in heavy debt, which led it to impose increased tax on its colonies (Madison, et al. 2003).The democracy revolution began in 1764 when the sugar Act was enacted. In 1773, the Tea Act was again enforced. The Tea was being transported from East India Company through England and into America. The new tax made the shipment to hike upwards. This act resulted in a high increase in tea prices, and increased the emergence of smugglers in the tea market. The British was frustrating the life of its colonies while making profits out of it (Morgan, 2003). This is one factor that led to the onset of the Amer ican Revolution which concluded in 1783 when the British was defeated by the United States.Factors Leading To The War For DemocracySeveral factors such as the alliance of America with French and Spain and the long distance between Englandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s colony base and its mother country, led to the defeat of the British. However, before the war broke out, there are some factors that led to the war for democracy by the American government against the British combat troops (Foner, 1999).The main factor that led to the revolution for democracy in America was the policy that British set that its colonies would be paying an increased amount of fees associated with their upkeep by the British Empire (Schneirov, 2013). This was implemented by imposing several direct tax which together with other unpopular laws by England were extremely disliked in America. It is important to understand thatÂthe colonies did not have elected representationÂleaders in the governing British Parliament. America and many other colonistsÂstrongly considered the laws set by the British to be a violation of theirÂrights.In 1772, some American groups began to createÂCommittees of Correspondence which began the creation of the constitution. By 1774, these Committees of Correspondence which were now leading Provincial Congresses rejected the British Parliament and replaced the British ruling apparatus through theÂFirst Continental Congress. Protests began to happen especially inÂBostonÂand Virginia over Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Parliament's attempts to exercise authority in the United States. Edmund S. Morgan examines these proceedings in details in his book American Slavery, American Freedom (Morgan, 2003). The British responded by sending troops who dissolvedÂthe American local governments and enforced a direct form of rule by the Royal officials. Consequently, the American colonial states mobilized itsÂmilitias, and fighting broke out in 1775 (Morgan, 2003).I n 1776, representatives of the American original thirteen states met in the Second Continental Congress and voted unanimously to adopt a Declaration of Independence Act which rejected theÂBritish EmpireÂin addition to the rejection of the British Parliament in 1774. This is the Declaration that established the United States as a sovereign country governed originally as a loose confederation where the state legislatures through aÂrepresentative democracyÂselected the leaders (Schneirov, 2013).Based on these proceedings several thinkers has had an influence not only on the American public life but also in the developments of the American democracy in the late 18th century. This paper looks at some of the philosophical essays, politics and pedagogy literature to help understand the developments of this democracy. These revolution writers takes an overview of the Democracy of the American government from the era of the Revolution to the present day. One common ideal with these writers is that freedom or democracy in America has is the strongest cultural bond and has been a birth right for some while on the other hand it has been a mockery to others (Schneirov, 2013).Federalist Number 10One brilliant article that describes the American Revolution through the creation of the US Constitution is the Federalist Number 10. Federalist No. 10 is an essay authored by James Madison that provides a series of argument regarding the ratification of the Constitution of the United States (Madison, et al. 2003). This essay was published on 22nd November, 1787 under the name pseudonym Publius, because all Federalist Papers were published under that name. Federalist No. 10 is one of the most highly regarded political writings of the American history. Federalist No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "pseudo-transformational factions", or groups of individuals, with political interests that are contrary to the rights of the citizens or the interests o f the entire community. His recommendation is that such factions would be guarded by having a strong and big republic rather than having devolved smaller republics such as the individual states(Madison, et al. 2003). The Constitution developers who were opponents to his argument provided counterarguments to his position. Madison position is seen as having been substantially derived from the commentary of Montesquieu.The Story of American FreedomEric Foner is another revolutionist writer who narrates a synthesis encapsulation of the American history in the eyes of "freedom" in his book titled "The Story of American Freedomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The Los Angeles Times Book Review provides a critical analysis of F...

The Baby Boom and the Future of the Economy

Whats going to happen to the economy as all the baby boomers get older and retire? Its a great question that would need an entire book to properly answer. Fortunately, many books have been written on the relationship between the baby boom and the economy. Two good ones from the Canadian perspective are Boom, Bust Echo by Foot and Stoffman, and 2020: Rules for the New Age by Garth Turner. The Ratio Between Working People and Retired People Turner explains that the big changes will be due to the fact that the ratio between the number of working people to the number of retired people will change dramatically over the next few decades: When most boomers were in their teens, there were six Canadians like them, under the age of 20, for every person over 65. Today there are about three young people for every senior. By 2020, the ratio will be even more frightening. This will have profound consequences on our entire society. (80) Demographic changes will have a major impact on the ratio of retirees to workers; the ratio of the number of people ages 65 and over to the number ages 20 to 64 is expected to grow from about 20% in 1997 to 41% in 2050. (83) Examples of Expected Economic Impact These demographic changes will have both macroeconomic as well as microeconomic impacts. With so few people of working age, we can expect that wages will rise as employers fight to retain the small pool of labor available. This also implies that unemployment should be fairly low. But simultaneously taxes will also have to be quite high to pay for all the services that seniors require such as government pensions and Medicare. Older citizens tend to invest differently than younger ones, as older investors tend to buy less risky assets like bonds and sell riskier ones such as stocks. Do not be surprised to find that the price of bonds rises (causing their yields to fall) and the price of stocks to fall. There will be millions of smaller changes as well. The demand for soccer fields should fall as there are relatively fewer people will the demand for golf courses should rise. The demand for large suburban homes should fall as seniors move into one story condos and later to old-age homes. If youre investing in real estate, it will be important to consider the change in demographics when youre considering what to buy.

Becoming a Chemist Years of School and Steps to Take

Chemists study matter and energy and reactions between them. Youll need to take advanced courses to become a chemist, so its not a job you pick up right out of high school. If youre wondering how many years it takes to become a chemist, the broad answer is 4 to 10 years of college and graduate study. The minimum education requirement to be a chemist is a college degree, such as a B.S. or Bachelor of Science in chemistry or a B.A. or Bachelor of Arts in chemistry. Usually, this takes 4 years of college. However, entry-level jobs in chemistry are relatively scarce and may offer limited opportunities for advancement. Most chemists have masters (M.S.) or doctoral (Ph.D.) degrees. Advanced degrees usually are required for research and teaching positions. A masters degree typically takes another 1 1/2 to 2 year (total of 6 years of college), while a doctoral degree takes 4 to 6 years. Many students get their masters degree and then proceed to the doctoral degree, so it takes, on average, 10 years of college to get a Ph.D. You can become a chemist with a degree in a related field, such as chemical engineering, environmental science, or materials science. Also, many chemists with advanced degrees may have one or more of their degrees in math, computer science, physics, or another science because chemistry requires mastery of multiple disciplines. Chemists also learn about laws and regulations related to their area of expertise. Working as an intern or a postdoc in a lab is a good way to gain hands-on experience in chemistry, which may lead to a job offer as a chemist. If you get a job as a chemist with a bachelor degree, many companies will pay for additional training and education to keep you current and help you advance your skills. How to Become a Chemist While you can transition from another career into chemistry, there are steps to take if you know you want to become a chemist when youre you. Take the appropriate courses in high school. These include all college-track courses, plus you should try to get as much math and science as possible. If you can, take high school chemistry because it will help prepare you for college chemistry. Make sure you have a solid understanding of algebra and geometry.Pursue a bachelors degree in science. If you want to be a chemist, the natural choice of a major is chemistry. However, there are related majors that can lead to a career in chemistry, including biochemistry and engineering. An associates degree (2-year) might land you a technician job, but chemists need more courses. Important college courses include general chemistry, organic chemistry, biology, physics, and calculus.Gain experience. In college, youll have the opportunity to take summer positions in chemistry or to help with research in your junior and senior years. Youll need to seek these programs out and tell professors youre interested in getting hands-on experience. This experience will help you get into graduate school and ultimately land a job.Get an advanced degree from a graduate school.  You can go for a Masters degree or doctorate. Youll choose a specialty in graduate school, so this is a good time to know which career you want to pursue.Get a job. Dont expect to start your dream job fresh out of school. If you got a Ph.D., consider doing postdoctoral work. Postdocs gain additional experience and are in an excellent position to find a job.

Teaching Phonics Essay - 1673 Words

Phonics is described as â€Å"understanding letter-sound relationships, as well as larger letter pattern/sound pattern relationships† (Ruddell, 2009). Though in my opinion there is a lot more to phonics than this. There are several aspects to phonics, different types of phonics, negatives to the idea, and several ways to teach it. In this paper I will address all of these based on research I found, the discussion I had with my peers, and my own opinion. There are different aspects to phonics that should be taken into account by teachers. The first is how important phonics is to children. It is said that â€Å"both phonics and fluency need to be taught, practiced, and nurtured in the earliest stages of reading instruction and provided to students at†¦show more content†¦This means that they need to have to know effective ways to teach it and how to use the various types, which will be talked about in this paper. There are several different types of phonics but the two main types are implicit and explicit (Ruddell, 2009). The implicit approach, or analytic, is when the teacher teaches the relation between sounds and letters in the context of the word it is found in. This means you are looking at the whole word and not isolating sounds. The explicit approach, or synthetic, approach is the opposite of the analytic approach. Instead of looking at the word as a whole, the teacher looks at each individual sound (Ruddell, 2009). From what I know I believe that both of these need to be brought into the classroom. It is important for the child to know each sound so they are able to sound out unfamiliar words in their readings but it is also important for them to be able to recognize a word in context so they can identify words easily and quicker. In my experience in classrooms I have noticed the different ways these approaches were used. In my kindergarten placement the teacher usually used the expl icit approach. Each day we would concentrate on two or three letters and the sounds they made. We would practice the pronunciation and read a poem or sing a song with the letter in it. In my second grade class the teacher had a very different way. She would have the children look at the wholeShow MoreRelatedTeaching Phonics And Teach Phonics1474 Words   |  6 Pagesteachers’ need to be aware of. Phonics is one of the approaches adopted by teachers when teaching children to read and write. Adopting different methods of teaching phonics its what makes teachers effective, and adaptive. This essay aims to look closer at phonics and some of the different approaches used to teach phonics in the classroom. Phonics approaches that will be discussed in this paper include synthetic phonics, Analytic phonics, Linguist phonics and Word building. Phonics is a method that teachesRead MoreTeaching Phonics And Teach Phonics1414 Words   |  6 Pagesneed to be aware of. Phonics is one of the approaches adopted by teachers when teaching children to read and write. Teachers adopt different methods to teaching phonics its what makes them effective teachers and adaptive. This essay aims to look closer at phonics and some of the different approaches used to teach phonics in the classroom. Phonic approaches that will be discussed in this paper include synthetic phonics, Analytic phonics, Linguist phonics and Word building. Phonics is a method that teachesRead MoreTeaching Phonics Is An Essential Part Of A Child s Education1641 Words   |  7 Pages Understanding phonics is an essential part of a child’s education, as the knowledge they develop will assist them to read and write. Educators must have an understanding of phonics to teach it effectively. Teachers need to support students to learn what sounds, letters make, which is a phoneme. Educators also need to assist students to make the connection with the letters and their names, which is called graphemes (Tompkins, Campbell, Green, Smith, 2015, p. 142). Understanding that each letterRead MoreTeaching Experiences With Phonics And How They Incorporated A Culturally Relevant Curriculum1205 Words   |  5 PagesArticle one, teachers give their account on their teaching experiences with phonics and how they incorporated a culturally relevant curriculum. A third grade teacher who taught history was teaching the basic information about different cultures than the actual culture from their perspectives. Another teacher taught more on inferential teaching, relating what we know and experienced in our own life. One of the teachers taught phonics by making a personal alphabet book with the help of the parentsRead MoreBenefits of Using the Phonics Method to Teach Children to Read1698 Words   |  7 Pageslevel (Who Needs Phonics). They will not be able to apply to jobs, stigmatized in society, and may result in their children being illiterate also. In order to decrease the alarming rate of seven million illiterate children and give them a chance to have a better life is by integrating a method to teach them how to read better. There are numerous ways to teach a child how to read. Yet most of the methods can be divided in two groups; the whole-language approach or phonics. There has been andRead MoreTeaching Children to Read By Giving Them Something Worth Reading1441 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding written text. For this reason, reading cannot be developed through one simple strategy or component. In fact, reading is developed through six components. Those six components are comprehension, oral language, phonological awareness, phonics, fluency, and vocabulary. These six components work together and simultaneously to help create fluent readers. Through these six components, readers learn that there is meaning in written test. If readers do not understand the meaning of what theyRead MoreUsing Synthetic Phonics For Improving Reading Essay2131 Words   |  9 PagesUsing Synthetic Phonics for Improving Reading Synopsis For this assignment, I will first briefly discuss the value of early reading pre-school and the stages of reading. After that I will critically evaluate the history of introducing synthetic phonics reading in primary schools in England. Furthermore, I will investigate the developments and issues which have been brought about the different teaching strategies used in schools and using teaching synthetic phonics in early years to teach first readingRead MoreIdeal Paper2487 Words   |  10 Pagessituations.† Teachers have a responsibility to ensure that each student that enter their present have a strong foundation in reading. The bible identifies teacher’s roles in 2 Timothy 3:16, â€Å"All scripture is breathed out of God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness. Teachers have a responsibility to ensure they provide instructions that will promote growth for all students. Although students have various learning styles, teachers can successfullyRead MorePhonics Program : The Effectiveness On Kindergarten Dibels2385 Words   |  10 PagesFundations Phonics Program in Kindergarten: The effectiveness on Kindergarten DIBELS Phonemic awareness is a vital role in literacy instruction. Many schools and districts adopt a commercially published basal reading program and it becomes the cornerstone of their instruction ( (David Chard, n.d.). We also know that through investigation and research it has shown us that word-recognition instruction and instruction in oral language skills related to word recognition were inadequately representedRead MorePhilosophy of Literacy Instruction1536 Words   |  7 Pagesteacher must also undergo guided practice with the students. A teacher should always provide as much guided practice that is needed. Students should never move on to independent practice until it is evident that they are ready. For example, I was teaching a guided reading lesson in my EDU 218 classroom, in which my peers were posing as students. The lesson involved the students to complete a story map on a book that they read. Although I knew that the students would be slightly familiar with a story

Correlation between Gender and Math Anxiety - 2877 Words

INTRODUCTION The purpose of reviewing this literature is to see if there is evidence that there is a correlation between gender and math anxiety and, specifically, whether there is a higher frequency of math anxiety among female students than male students. Current literature shows that there is no difference in actual aptitude for mathematics yet there remains a perception that males are stronger mathematics students (Spelke, 2005). Math Anxiety will be referred to by the The Children’s Anxiety in Math Scale and the The Fennema Sherman Math Attitude Scales. The Children’s Anxiety in Math Scale explains highly math anxious students report low enjoyment of math and they suffer from low self-efficacy in math (Jameson, 2013). Specific scale components include performing math, performing math in social situations, thinking about math, and struggling in math. Responses are measured using a facial images scale with five facial expressions ranging from very anxious (scored as a 5) to not at all anxious (scored as a 1). Higher scores represent higher levels of math anxiety (Jameson, 2013). The Fennema Sherman Math Attitude Scales explains in test sample items confidence in learning math (i.e. â€Å"I can get good grades in mathematics†) and mathematics anxiety (i.e., â€Å"Mathematics makes me feel uneasy and confused†). The confidence scale has positive wording that indicates a high level of confidence in math abilities and negative wording that indicates a low level of confidence. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gender On Math Anxiety Among College Students1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Gender on Math Anxiety Among College Students The purpose of this study is to measure the different effects math anxiety has on female and male undergraduate college students. Such research is imperative and can help show the correlation between math anxiety and the different ways in which it can effect important decisions made by undergraduate college students. Such decisions include which courses to take, major declaration, and which career path to pursue. Math Anxiety can be definedRead MoreInvestigation Of Turkish Students Mathematics Performance Based On Pisa 2012 Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation of Turkish Students’ Mathematics Performance based on PISA 2012 Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between selected student- and school-level variables and mathematics performance of Turkish students using PISA 2012 dataset. Two research questions were investigated: (1) How much do schools vary in their mean mathematics achievement in Turkey? (2) Which student- and school-level variables are associated with students’ mathematics performance in TurkeyRead MoreWeb Calculator Exercise 11012 Words   |  5 PagesWeb Calculator Exercise 1 Descriptive Statistics 1. The table below presents data for a sample of people who completed a religious survey. |Age |Gender |Denomination |Church Attendance | |56 |1 |7 |4 | |46 |2 |6 |5 | |49 |2 |6 |5 | |49 |1 |1 Read MoreEssay On Neuroimaging940 Words   |  4 Pagescontaining a greater amount of white matter, while female brains contain more gray matter (Gur et al., 1999). Sun et al. (2015) collected imaging data to track the progress of brain network topology over a five-year period and compared the results between gender differences. Participants in the study included 43 males ranging from ages 22-53, and 28 females from ages 21-59. Only those having no brain disorders, mental illnesses, substance abuse, or first-degree family members with mental illnesses wereRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On The United States1272 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted by researchers Fabrizio Bernadi and Jonas Radl, they studied the long-term consequences of parental divorce and its correlation to children’s educational attainment. The objective of this research was to see how strong the link between divorce and a child’s educational attainment would be. All the data w as collected through the first wave of Generation and Gender survey, which was conducted in fourteen countries, including the United States. The results that these two scientists found wereRead MoreChallenging Age Old Traditions Will Not Be Easy1269 Words   |  6 Pagesqualitative data. For this study, a mixed design was the method of choice because the quantitative data would best demonstrate an actual correlation or lack thereof between end-of-course grades and proficiency scores earned on the end-of-year MAP test. The qualitative data would best reflect the perceptions of teachers in regard to an existence of correlation between the grades they give at the end of a course and the scores earned by their students on the MAP test in May. Specifically, this studyRead MoreMathematics Performance of Secondary School Student2667 Words   |  11 PagesNovember 2006; accepted 19 April 2007 Procrastination is now a common phenomenon among students particularly those at the higher level. And this is doing more harm to their academic achievement than good. Therefore, this study examined the correlates between academic procrastination and mathematics achievement among the university mathematics undergraduate students. The study used a total sample of 150 part 3 and 4 students in the department of mathematics and mathematics education students in the universityRead MorePsych 625 Statistics for the Behavior Sciences Entire Course4464 Words   |  18 Pagesthrough 3d are based on a distribution of scores with and the standard Draw a small picture to help you see what is required. a. What is the probability of a score falling between a raw score of 70 and 80? b. What is the probability of a score falling above a raw score of 80? c. What is the probability of a score falling between a raw score of 81 and 83? d. What is the probability of a score falling below a raw score of 63? 4. Jake needs to score in the top 10% in order to earn a physical fitnessRead MoreThe Relationship Between Peer Victimization And Academic Achievement1354 Words   |  6 PagesI have been reading about the relationship between peer victimization (bullying, cyberbullying, and/or other types of abuse) and academic achievement. By design, I chose studies that were each focused on a participant groups of a different age. Gaining a deeper understanding of these potential connections would be valuable to anyone involved in creating positive environments where children and teens can learn and thrive. Specific stakeholders who might benefit include parents, family membersRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies3079 Words   |  13 Pagesscience courses than boys. She further stated that gender differences in mathematics experiences star at early age. However, Baker and Jones (1992) revealed that gender differences in mathematics performance were fading in. They further noted that this trend was rooted in several social processes that were related to decreasing gender stratification in societies in general. According to Van Scotten (1991), every society is organized by a gender and role. In other words, every culture has processes

Ece Developmentally Appropriate Practice Free Essays

Appropriate Practice When trying to come up with my teaching philosophy, I quickly realized that one size fits all† teaching is not for me. I needed to combine many methods to make my style fit the many personalities and learning styles of my students. With all of the learning styles that students exhibit I do not see how a teacher could simply teach with one philosophy all of the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Ece Developmentally Appropriate Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now If a teacher chooses to lecture all the time, how will the kinesthesia and visual learners, who make up the biggest percentage of the population, understand the material? Due to the low self-esteem of many of the children In today’s society I believe that teachers need to be extremely cautious when cringingly a students work. If a student does a poor Job on a paper or assignment I believe that the teacher should use remediation and help the child try to improve their score rather than telling them how poorly they did. Likewise, I believe that if a student does well they should receive praise for what they accomplished. The use of a variety of teaching methods is also crucial to the classroom. A lot of children become bored with the same routine day after day. In order to keep their attention and to keep them interested in the subject matter teachers need to use different methods of teaching such as field trips, debates, and cooperative learning activities. Of the five major philosophies (Perennials, Essentialist, Progressivism, Existentialism and Reconstructions) I relate most to the Existentialism Philosophy. In my opinion this is the most important approach in teaching students in today’s society. I believe that students understanding and appreciation of themselves takes precedence over any subject that can be taught in school. No matter how intellectual a student may prove to be, without assurance and belief in themselves they will not accomplish much in life. Every child is different and has unique ways of learning and exceed in some subject areas more than others. A student might not do well In mathematics but may be an excellent artist. This does not mean that they are not as Important as other students Just that they excel more In one area than In another. I feel that education Is not only based on the basics (math, science, reading, and writing), but built on them. To me, creative expression revolves around the basics hat are taught and also around the areas In life that are unseen, or thought. Creamery opens a person’s mind, to not Just focus on what has been taught to us, which Is Information stored In the left side of the brain, but also to utilize our own Ideas and Imagination to express ourselves, which utilizes the right side of the brain. By doing creative things that use the imagination, we strengthen both parts of the brain. As children we feed the creative part of the brain, all is growing at once, once formal education is introduced, that vision is narrowed to the point that it becomes lost and often never recovered. A classroom that offers this type of guidance and the freedom to a pressure-tree environment that allows tort creativity is what I from my class. Sire Another very important factor in a balanced curriculum is conveying emotions because it is an essential form of communication. According to the text (TAP chapter 1 peg 20) children work at their own pace, with their own learning style/ strategies and while learning, TAP engages both emotional and intellectual stimuli. The nice thing about the whole process of learning with this philosophy is that there is no pressure to where it is uncomfortable or not enjoyable. Like I said, each student determines his/her own pace and direction of learning. Without pressure, I feel the students would want to come and learn and to be with fellow students who have common interests and want to learn together, plus get to do what they enjoy doing anyway. Children learn so much better when their affective filter is down. The role of the teacher is to expose the students to the materials and subjects that are available, make them aware of their surroundings, help each one individually through the process, and help them create in an open, free, and stimulating environment. How to cite Ece Developmentally Appropriate Practice, Papers

Hi Tech free essay sample

V30072S3 V30072S4 V30074S3 V30074S4 V30076S1 V30076S3 V30076S4 V30078S1 V30078S2 V30078S4 V30079S3 V30079S4 V30080S2 V30081S1 V30081S2 V30081S3 V30084S2 V30084S3 V30084S4 V30085S3 V30085S4 V30086S2 V30086S3 V06108S2 V06108S3 V06110S1 V06110S2 V06114S2 V06316S3 V07139S2 V07142S1 V07142S2 V07147S4 V07148S3 V07148S4 V07107S2 V07111S4 V080110S2 V08118S1 V08118S3 V08120S1 V08120S2 V08120S4 V080202S4 V08122S1 V08122S2 V08122S3 V08129S1 V08129S4 V08132S2 V08134S4 V08135S1 V08147S2 V08147S3 V08101S1 V08101S2 V08101S3 V08102S2 V08102S4 V08106S4 V08109S1 V08111S1 V08111S3 V08111S4 V08116S2 V08116S3 V081108S1 V081108S4 V08114S1 V08114S3 V08114S4 V081120S1 V081120S3 V081120S4 V08101S1 V08101S2 V08101S3 V09132S2 V09132S3 V09134S1 V09134S2 V09134S4 V09136S3 V09136S4 V09137S2 V09137S4 V09138S3 V09138S4 V09140S2 V09140S3  V09140S4 V09141S2 V09141S4 V09142S2 V09142S3 V09143S3 V09145S3 V09146S1 V09146S3 V09148S2 V09148S3 V09133S3 V09133S4 V09118S2 V09120S1 V09120S3 V09120S4 V09103S1 V09103S4 V09104S 2 V09105S1 V09105S2 V09106S2  V090212S3 V09114S2 V09114S3 V09117S1 V09117S2 V09124S3 V09125S3 V09129S2 V09130S4 1 In many countries, the proportion of elderly people is increasing but young people do not show enough respect for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Hi Tech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What are the causes of this problem and what are your solutions? 2 Some people say the government should pay for health care and education while others say that it is not the government’s responsibility. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 3 Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money because computer technology is replacing their functions. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 4  Ã‚  There is an increasing amount of advertising directed at children. Many parents are worried that this type of advertising may make children pay too much attention to snacks and toys while advertisers claim that such advertising provides children with useful information. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 5  Ã‚  In todays world, it is private companies rather than the government who carry out most scientific research. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? 6 Animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of old medicines. Should such experiments be banned?   Some people think the main purpose of schools is to help children become good citizens and workers, rather than to help them gain benefits as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 8  Ã‚  Some people think that schools should select students according to their academic abilities w hile others believe that it is better to have students with different abilities study together. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 9 It is suggested that all the students should do unpaid work to help people in their community. To what extent will the advantages of this practice outweigh its disadvantages? 10 An increasing number of measures have been introduced to improve the security in urban areas. Do the benefits of these measures outweigh the drawbacks?

Lamont Doherty Observatory Essays - Columbia University,

Lamont Doherty Observatory Every year the Lamont ? Doherty Earth Observatory holds an open house in which scientists share their studies and really let the public see what and how they do what they do. Scientists at this research center are working together studying different fields of the Geologic sciences ranging from Oceanography, Geochemistry, Seismology, and even Marine Biology share their findings with the public. This year like every other year, they set up deferent exhibits and share the current research, studies and illustrations of the different Geologic processes along with their findings with anybody who is interested. For this assignment, we were asked to describe five of the exhibits from the LDEO open house. The five exhibits that called my attention the most were the Seismology, Geochemistry, Oceanography, Demonstration of Hard and Soft behavior of the surface of our, and the "Water Current Exhibit". 1- Seismology in simple terms is the study of earthquakes; it involves observations of natural ground vibrations and artificial vibrations. In this exhibit, the scientists were explaining how and earthquake forms and how it can be detected even hundreds of miles away via a Seismograph. Someone asked the question what is an earthquake. And the response was "well, it's a trembling or shaking of the ground causes by a sudden release of energy, energy that is stored in the rocks beneath the surface". I thought that was great so then, I asked how is this energy stored? And his explanation was very well illustrated by a simple demonstration. There sere two bricks joined together by a rubber band, at the end of the first brick there was a nylon thread which was being pulled slowly. He said imagine these two bricks are two plates floating on the mantle, as one moves slowly, it is"pulling" the rubber band that is attached to the other brick and tension is building over time then very sudden and quickly the rubber band pulls the brick behind it, and this is how the energy builds up and then it is released quickly. (Drawing of bricks) Then he had a Seismograph, a device that measures seismic waves on a table and he was explaining how to read the intensity of the vibrations. He had first one kid jumping in front of he seismograph, then two, then three, then four and so one and one could see the intensity of the vibrations being recorded by the seismograph. He also talked about the use of seismic stations all over to monitors earthquakes and artificial vibrations like explosions, etc. The Seismology department at LDEO monitors seismic activity in the Northeast region of the US; here is a map of the location of those seismographic stations. 2- Geochemistry is the applications of chemical principles and techniques to geologic studies to help us understand how chemical elements are distributed in the crust mantle and core of the earth. Geologists have many ways of gathering data for this kind of study, one of them is of course by taking samples and analyzing them, but in one of the labs at LDEO I saw something I thought was very interesting. Scientists want to know how a mineral of a given chemical composition behaves under extreme heat and pressure such as those found deep within the earth, but because they can not drill that deep to take samples, they came up with the idea of building a press that could replicate specific pressures and temperatures pretty much like those found deep within the earth. The press is relatively simple; it uses hydraulic power to generate the pressure and a special heater to generate tremendous amounts of heat, as much as 3000 degrees centigrade. This press uses anvels that press the sample from eight different directions thus increasing and redirecting the pressure exherted by the hydraulic press. By heating and pressuring the samples, they are able to study the chemical and crystal structure of different samples. The demonstration he gave was with a brass ball which he put inside the press, put the amvels on top and then pressured it just for a brief moment and the result was a ball with eight flat surfaces. I thought this was so interesting that I had to have the brass ball. 3- Deep Sea Sample Repository. The LDEO has an archive of sediment and rock from the beneath the ocean floor. This material is used for studies in oceanography, and marine geology. Most of the core samples are from the Atlantic Ocean, and during the open house, scientists took the

Long Term Goal Essay Sample - Writes Your Goals With Care

Long Term Goal Essay Sample - Writes Your Goals With CareWriting a long term goal essay can be challenging. With many people already working jobs or attending school, it's easy to lose sight of what really matters in life.Keeping your long term goal in sight is something you should be doing every day. Although you will never know what tomorrow holds, you should be looking ahead at the things you want for your future. A great way to get started with this is by writing an essay on your long term goals and what you want to achieve in each year.You might ask what is so important about writing a goal? Well, goals can be written in many ways. Here are three tips for writing a goal:Set a realistic goal for yourself and write down what you would like to achieve that goal. This is a very powerful technique that allows you to list out your hopes and aspirations. It gives you an easy to understand plan for each goal that can be written down, as well as a timeline that shows you where you are cu rrently at in your goal.Do you know what a goal essay sample is? It's basically just a guide you can use to brainstorm your goals and write them down with ease.Remember that writing requires focus, energy, and discipline. Be sure to add some organization into your writing by making a routine out of it.Create a huge picture approach to your writing. Organize it in to chapters and subsections and start writing.Creating a long term goal is important for you to have in order to develop your goals. Taking the time to write down your goals and do some research online is key to help you get there.

Soliloquies In Shakespeares Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Soliloquies In Shakespeares Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth Soliloquies in Shakespeare's Macbeth Even though people in retributive justice feel satisfaction, the perpetrator can also suffer. William Shakespeare?s powerful Macbeth shows the deterioration of an honourable and respectable general, Macbeth, who becomes a tragic hero after temptations from the witches and his wife to perform murders. Macbeth soliloquies enable the audience to experience the conflict within Macbeth and thus, gain an understanding of the reasons for his behavior and decisions. As a result, the tremendous reversal of Macbeth?s fortunes in the end leaves the audience filled not with pity, but also awe, at the realization that people can suffer greatly. Macbeth?s soliloquies before the murder of Duncan shows the vigorous internal struggle of himself, as his conscience is fighting against his evil minds. Also, they shows Macbeth has brought his own downfall upon himself. The audience will then feel pity about Macbeth?s deterioration brought by himself when witnessing his choice of following the evil. Macbeth is a courageous and honourable general in Scotland. His success in the battle against the invaders of Scotland gains respect from the King Duncan and his fellow soldiers. However, the demonic forces, symbolized by three witches, temptates Macbeth. The witches hail Macbeth as the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor who will be king and hail Banquo, who is a nobleman of Scotland and Macbeth?s friend, as one who will become the father of a line of kings. Macbeth ambition deep in his heart starts growing at that time. In Act I, scene iii, when Macbeth is thinking about the fulfillment of the two prophecies given by the witches before, "My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes my single state of man"(I, iii, 139- 140) In this soliloquy, Macbeth reflects his idea about the "two truths" told by the witches. He is ambitious to become king, as he reacts nervously when the witches mention his fate. The very idea of murder "shakes his single state of man". However, at this! point, he is loyal to the king, and he rejects the idea of murder, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir."(I, iii, 143-144) The predictions by the witches may have strengthened the criminal intentions that he had probably never yet dared to express clearly, even to himself. He is not alliance with crime, he is neutral, but obviously temptation is working upon him. Yet, he might overcome the promptings of his evil ambition by an effort. After the battle, Macbeth is greeted with effusive thanks by Duncan. Duncan then announces that he will make Malcolm heir to the throne. In Act I, scene iv, Macbeth in his aside states that this announcement is a bar to his ambition and calls upon darkness to cover what he wishes to be done: That is a step on which I must fall down, or else o?erleap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; let not light see my black and deep desires: The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see (I, iv, 49-54) As Duncan makes the announcement, Macbeth starts wondering if murder is the only way in which he can achieve the kingship. His ambition overcomes his finer nature. He calls upon the stars to hide their light, indicating that his "black" desires comes out, and he thinks it is too evil to be seen. Macbeth?s image of the eyes? winking upon the work of the hand is expressive both of his intense aversion to the deed and of his intense desire to get what the deed will accomplish. At the same time his "let that be" marks the point at which his fascinated contemplation of the thought of murdering Duncan becomes a resolution, although he will waver from it. The opposition between eye and hand is indicative of the civil war within him. In Act I, scene iv, shortly after Duncan?s arrival to Macbeth?s castle, Macbeth gives voice to his feeling concerning the rashness and the awfulness of the projected murder: If it were done when ?tis done, then ?twere well it were done quickly. If th? assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch, with his surcease,

504 Plans for Students with Dyslexia

504 Plans for Students with Dyslexia Some students with dyslexia are eligible for accommodations in school under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. This is a civil rights law prohibiting discrimination based on a disability in any agency or institution which receives federal funds, including public schools. According to the U.S. Office for Civil Rights, students are eligible for accommodations and services, as needed, under Section 504 if they (1) have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; or (2) have a record of such an impairment; or (3) be regarded as having such an impairment. A major life activity is one that an average person can complete with little or no difficulty. Learning, reading, and writing are considered major life activities. Developing a Section 504 Plan If parents believe their child needs a 504 plan, they must make a written request to ask the school to evaluate a child for eligibility for accommodations under Section 504. But teachers, administrators and other school personnel can also request an evaluation. Teachers might request an evaluation if they see a student having chronic problems in school and they believe these problems are caused by a disability. Once this request is received, the Child Study Team, which includes the teacher, the parents and other school personnel, meets to decide if the child is eligible for accommodations. During the evaluation, the team reviews recent report cards and grades, standardized test scores, discipline reports and talks with parents and teachers about school performance. If a child has been privately evaluated for dyslexia, this report will probably be included. If the student has other conditions, such as ADHD, a doctors report may have been submitted. The educational team reviews all of this information to decide if a student is eligible for accommodations under Section 504. If eligible, the team members will also offer suggestions for accommodations based on the individual needs of the student. They will also outline who, within the school, is responsible for implementing each of the services. Usually, there is an annual review to determine if the student is still eligible and to review the accommodations and see if changes need to be made. The General Education Teachers Role As the teacher, general educators should be involved in the evaluation process. During the evaluation, teachers are in a position to offer an insider view of the daily problems a student is having. This may mean completing a questionnaire to be reviewed by the team, or you may elect to attend the meetings. Some school districts encourage teachers to be in the meetings, giving their perspective and offering suggestions for accommodations. Because teachers are often the first line in implementing classroom accommodations, it makes sense for you to attend meetings so you better understand what is expected and you can voice objections if you feel an accommodation would be too disruptive for the rest of your class or too difficult to carry out. Once the Section 504 has been developed and accepted by the parents and the school, it is a legal contract. The school is responsible for making sure all aspects of the agreement are carried out. Teachers do not have the ability to decline or refuse to implement accommodations listed in the Section 504. They cannot pick and choose which accommodations they want to follow. If, after the Section 504 has been approved, you find that certain accommodations are not working in the students best interest or interfere with your ability to teach your class, you must talk with your schools 504 Coordinator and request a meeting with the educational team. Only this team can make changes to the Section 504 Plan. You may also want to attend the annual review. Usually Section 504 plans are reviewed on an annual basis. During this meeting the educational team will decide whether the student is still eligible and if so, whether the previous accommodations should be continued. The team will look to the teacher to provide information about whether the student utilized the accommodations and whether these accommodations helped the student within the classroom. Additionally, the educational team will look toward the coming school year to see what needs the student has.References: Frequently Asked Questions About Section 504 and the Education of Children with Disabilities, Modified 2011, Mar 17, Staff Writer, U.S. Department of Education: Office for Civil Rights IEPs vs. 504 Plans, 2010 Nov 2, Staff Writer, Sevier County Special Education Section 504 Handbook, 2010, Feb, Kittery School Department

Review the molecular mechanisms used by adult schistosoma worms to Essay

Review the molecular mechanisms used by adult schistosoma worms to survive in the bloodstream - Essay Example The remaining eggs often go into circulation and get filtered in the periportal tracts within the liver, and this causes periportal fibrosis. According to Ashton and Wilson (2001), the major schistosome species that affect individuals are: Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. These parasites experience remarkable physiological and morphological changes throughout their life as a means of survival and adaptation to their varying living conditions in different hosts. These parasites are unique because they exhibit unique adaptations both to free-living, as well as parasitic living. The adaptations exhibited by these parasites allow movement between intermediary hosts and the ultimate host. Schistosomes survive within the host by adopting mechanisms that counter the effect of the hosts’ defense mechanisms. These adaptations occur both at the molecular and structural levels. Schistosomes have various adaptations at the molecular level and these i nclude anti-oxidant production and glycoproteins secretion among others. Structural adaptations also help facilitate survival, and these include tails or cilia for swimming, secretory glands for penetration into the host, a glycocalyx for host immuno-modulation or protection of the parasite, a gynaecophoric canal for continued coupling between sexes, and a well-organized reproductive system for proper egg fertilization, as well as muscular suckers for feeding and attachment. This paper reviews these adaptation strategies, and how they are employed in survival. Additionally, possible interventions are proposed to counter the effect of these adaptations so as to make the parasites vulnerable to the host’s immune system and possible elimination. Adaptations for survival among schistosomes entail evasive strategies that enable the parasites to survive within the host without being affected by the hosts’ immunity. The evasion

Strategic Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Strategic Marketing Plan - Essay Example In essence, a smart TV is more like a smartphone and a great deal superior to the â€Å"idiot box† it used to be called (Sinclair 2011a, 3; Sinclair 2011c, 3). This strategic marketing plan is prepared for Samsung TV, which is particularly geared toward the Australian market. Before this report proceeds to Samsung TV, it will discuss the SBU in general first. Samsung (2011) aims to position itself as a leader in â€Å"innovative technology, distinctive designs, and a dual focus on convenience and value.† From 2007 to 2010, Samsung Electronics experienced continued revenue growth (Businessweek, 2011). The company posted 2007 revenues of $84.49 billion, which increased by $48.14 billion by 2010. In 2010, Samsung made $132.626 billion in revenues (Businessweek, 2011). Gross profit also jumped from $23.695 billion in 2007 to $44.569 billion in 2010 (Businessweek, 2011). Samsung also enjoyed profitability ratios that are part of the top ones in the industry. Return on Assets is 6.83%, Return on Capital is 9.11%, and Return on Equity is 16.07% (Businessweek, 2011). Gross margin is 31.86% and EBITDA Margin is 16.81% (Businessweek, 2011). Samsung Electronics Australia was created in1987 as a sales and marketing auxiliary of Samsung Electronics (AO3 2011). Samsung Electronics Australia is composed of three divisions: â€Å"Consumer Electronics, Information Technology, and Telecommunications† (AO3 2011). Furthermore, Samsung Australia’s TV business unit is considered as a â€Å"key driver in the Samsung Set Business portfolio, along with the Mobile phone business† (Samsung 2011). The TV business has held a strong top position in the market share (Samsung 2011). LED TVs have led the growth in the TV business, while Samsung’s LCD and Plasma TVs are also industry leaders (Samsung 2011). This indicates that for Samsung Australia, Samsung TV is a strategic fit within the corporate structure, because it sustains the marketing of innovation and

Debate on Victims Rights in Criminal Justice System

Debate on Victims Rights in Criminal Justice System â€Å"We need to re balance the system so that it delivers real justice for victims and the wider community† (David Blunkett, 2002). Critically assess the current debate regarding victims rights. INTRODUCTION CMS Funding was announced in June 1999 to â€Å"streamline the criminal justice system†(Chief Secretary, Alan Milburn, www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom, 1999), with a Ministerial Priority on Policing established (Rt Hon. Jack Straw, http://news.bbc.co.uk, 1999, March, 25). Following the publication of the Auld Report (www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk, 2001, September) a Government White Paper was published advocating a ‘joined up system’, echoing the â€Å"joined up Government in action† approach promoted by the Home Secretary in 1999 (Rt Hon. Jack Straw http://news.bbc.co.uk, 1999, March, 25). The remit of this White Paper was to identify a ‘clear focus on fighting and reducing crime’(Justice for All, HMSO, http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk, 2002, July). The rule of law should represent the ideal of a universal goodness exhibiting â€Å"no negative impact on any given society, and no negative characteristics that could apply to its nature’, likening it to Bentham’s ‘good in-and-of-itself’† according to Thompson (Thompson, 1975, Page 266). Unfortunately, it appears to be this concept that has swung too far in the favour of society’s miscreants to the detriment of their victims and the communities in which these offenders live, prompting the current debate on victims’ rights and David Blunkett’s intentions to re-address â€Å"the balance to deliver real justice to victims and the wider community† (Blunkett www.policesupers.com/police, 2002, July). DISCUSSION Whilst all people might be considered equal according to classicist precepts, with governments created by those individuals to protect the people’s rights through the recognition of a social contract (McCoubrey and White, 1999, Page 60 – 84), David Blunkett singles out a specific sector of society by suggesting that: â€Å"nearly three quarters of street crime offenders are under 17 and a hard core five per cent of juveniles are responsible for 60 per cent of offences for their age group† (Blunkett, www.publications.parliament.uk, 2002, November, 14) Clearly, despite the introduction of innumerable projects designed to re-integrate offenders back into their communities, the growth in lawless behaviour has not diminished. Many measures to restrain unacceptable behaviour are now available, amongst which are Youth Offending Teams, Final Warning Schemes, Detention and Training Orders, Acceptable Behaviour Programmes, Parenting Orders, Reparation Orders and Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (Blunkett, www.publications.parliament.uk, 2002, November, 14) although, retrospectively, little appears to have improved. In December 2003 Lord Falconer of Thoroton emphasised that this: â€Å"crime and anti-social behaviour corrupts communities, eating away at the fabric of the way we all want to live our lives† (Lord Falconer, www.dca.gov.uk2003, December 3). An increasing lack of morality appears to be more prevalent within modern society, with Chief Superintendent of Greater Manchester Police describing these amoral youths as â€Å"feral† (The Times Newspaper, 2005, May, 18). Despite all the legislation at the disposal of the criminal justice system, however, the ‘yob culture’ appears to be endemic, with the vulnerable in society more at risk of becoming victims than ever before. The media report lurid headlines on a daily basis: â€Å"Beaten to death on his doorstep† (Daily Mail, 2005, May 21); â€Å"Beaten up on Video Phone† (Daily Mail, 20/05/05); â€Å"Hoody ban eases shoppers’ fear† (Daily Mail, 20/05/05, page 8). The edition on May 19th 2005 reported how ‘thugs attack a funeral car’ by launching an 8 foot length of wood through the windscreen of the car travelling immediately behind the hearse. It has been reported that â€Å"†¦some forces are not making good use of legislation and tackling the imitation firearm problem† (Green, Deputy Chief Constable, Greater Manchester in Daily Mail, 20/05/05, Page 8) when children, some as young as 13, routinely carry replica BB guns, which can cause serious injury to targets up to 30 yards away, around the streets. In 2002 the Home Secretary intended: â€Å"to deliver real justice to victims and the wider community and strike a fair balance between the rights of victims and the accused† (Blunkett, www.policesupers.com, July 17). Evidence of this can be seen in the introduction of Problem Orientated Policing which incorporates community initiatives, together with a number of other stakeholders within the criminal justice system and aims to introduce additional improvements to the youth justice system and establish â€Å"more effective justice for victims and the wider community† through â€Å"more effective punishment and rehabilitation..†.(Leigh, Read and Tilley, 1996). Protecting the community should be at â€Å"the heart of a stable and civilised society† and these changes to the criminal justice system should be in accordance to society’s needs and expectations (Lord Chancellor, www.policesupers.com, 2002, July, 17). An example of which can be seen in South Africa which incorporates the ethos of restorative justice [known as ‘Zwelethemba’] with the essence of maintaining peace in the community (Roche, 2004: 85). Money received from this programme is contributed back into the community to reduce poverty and unemployment and attempt to remove the need for ‘draconian repressive measures’ (Roche, 2004: 231). Blakemore suggests that social policy should evaluate how policies impact on peoples’ lives (Blakemore, 1998: 5). Acceptable behaviour is enforced through law and morality which is maintained through rules and principles: â€Å"the cement of society† (Devlin cited in Elliott and Quinn, 1998: 449). This ‘cement’ illustrates legal moralism that has been identified as ‘socially significant’ (Cotterrell, 1989: 1), providing an analysis of law’s conceptual structures (1989, Page 3) and emphasising the importance of shared values, ultimately influencing individuals’ behaviour (Pampel, 2000: 57) a decline, as the result of organic solidarity differentiating collective conscience, creating an environment for an increase in crime. This philosophy of inter-related support has been recognised as structural functionalism which, taken to extremes, acknowledges that poverty and crime are normal and natural functions within any healthy society ( Pampel, 2000, Page 75). The Legal Action Group, meanwhile, suggest that â€Å"victims’ and defendants’ rights are mutually incompatible† (Cape, 2004) and suggest that victims rights are not being catered for; their rights are neither acknowledged nor respected. However, they also ascertain that, in making it easier to convict defendants is not in the best interests of the victims. The fragility between rights to security and freedom and the obligation to protect communities, reflects a natural result of shared morality without which â€Å"rules would lack meaning† (Pampel, 2000, Page 67). This factor was clearly recognised by David Blunkett who acknowledged â€Å"†¦the public felt that the system had swung too far in favour of the accused† (Criminal Justice Conference, www.cjsonline.org.uk, 2002, June, 19). However, this intensely deep-rooted problem of lawlessness within communities cannot be solved by the police alone. Henham observes that this can only be achieved through: â€Å"disregard of formal legal controls which prove an obstacle to the production of a high conviction rate† although he acknowledges that â€Å"due process† maintains an â€Å"adherence to courtroom procedure and protection of the individual† (Henham, 1998, Page 592). Pampel observes that â€Å"the problems of society become most visible when change occurs, and recent decades have brought immense social and economic changes† (Pampel, 2000: 52). Durkheim, meanwhile, noted that society works best when it exercises control over individuals (Pampel, 2000: 72). Laws are intended to regulate relationships with the result that conflict is avoided, enabling government and education to progress. With the intention of better justice through more consistent sentencing, the White Paper preceding the Criminal Justice Act 1991 suggested that â€Å"convicted criminals get their just deserts† (HMSO, 1990, Cm 965; Worrall, 1995). Restorative justice, however, is identified through mediation, conferencing, circles and reparative boards such as the utilisation of victim/offender mediation with the intention of reconciliation as opposed to merely conciliation, reflecting how restorative justice can fit into the existing criminal justice system and the identity of a modern definition of community, followed by the ethos of forgiveness. Whilst this concept has relevance in today’s society, human rights’ issues and society’s concepts of punishment’s role create a rhetoric which still needs to be resolved. The National Victim Support Programme was considered a way forward with respect to society’s acceptance of restorative justice but: â€Å"both of the major political parties have pursued half formed and in many ways half hearted policies in relation to victims of crime. There is little indication of change in this area† (Newburn and Crawford, 2003 117). Restorative justice is viewed with suspicion due to concern amongst the community in relation to appropriateness of restorative justice for cases of violence and the appropriate punishment in such cases. Added to this, the managerialism and financial control have impacted on the restorative justice movement. Where there is no precedent, the focus of control is balanced between local and central government, with penal reform likely to be forced into the background as: â€Å"the front bench Home Affairs spokesmen of both the major parties battling to out-tough each other, there appears little prospect of coherent and forward-thinking policy-making† (Newburn and Crawford, 2003:178). Individual and collective morality would assume that offenders should be punished to maintain the stability of the community and maintain their safety. A collective conscience ensures that the majority accept the rule of law and accept that deviance needs to be punished. Many organisations have highlighted the growth in recorded crime despite these measures in place to punish the offender. Punishment falls into various areas from incapacitation to retribution, deterrence to rehabilitation. Psychologically, restorative justice is assumed to invoke aesthetic sentiment of forgiveness for miscreants and release for victims. What it fails to do is provide society with assurances that their safety and integrity will be maintained in an atmosphere where the offenders’ rights appear to be upheld in variance with those of the victim, or the fundamental rights the victim is entitled to expect. Conformity through inner positive motivation exemplifies the theory of rehabilitation, although it has been criticised for disparity in proportionality. The concept is not based on the degree of offence committed or focused on the criminal’s past, but on future rehabilitation to preclude re-offending through changes of circumstances. An equally important part of restorative justice must be in measures to prevent crimes being committed. Funding of  £6 million has been invested in a Government programme to reduce crime. Some of these measures include restorative justice, enforcement of financial penalties, CCTV initiatives, treatment of offenders, youth inclusion initiatives, targeting policies and intervention work in schools (www.crimeredution.gov.uk). CONCLUSION Meanwhile, three years after it was recognised that real justice for victims and the wider community might be lacking, many changes to the criminal justice system have been introduced. In terms of victims rights, the criminal justice system is now expected to provide a ‘Victims’ Charter’ that sets out how victims might expect to be treated by the criminal justice system, certain vulnerable victims may be supported by the Victims Support network, and victims of sexual crimes may expect to be advised in advance of the offender being released. Within the terms of the criminal justice system itself these concessions are minimal when correlated with the cost in terms of anguish already experienced by the victims of crime. However, in the wider community even fewer safeguards actually exist to prevent innocent individuals from becoming unwilling victims of an increasingly degenerate society, with those innocent citizens unfairly penalised by the very organisation they would expect to provide them with support in the event of their retaliating and attempting to defend themselves, clearly evidenced in the recent reports in the media, i.e. â€Å"The justice system must be forced to protect the innocent including those pushed through desperation to act extremely† (The Times, 2005, May 5). One of the most topical stories in the media is the evolving ‘happy slapping’ craze with both the victims and the wider community now more vulnerable than they ever have been. When it comes to the death of an elderly pensioner innocently walking home and attacked by teenagers, and a plank of wood hurled at a funeral procession it is more than apparent that David Blunkett needs to provide a more effective means of delivering real justice for victims and the wider community, not just re-balancing the system, but completely re-evaluating the whole ethos of a citizen’s right to defend themselves without the additional fear of retribution from a criminal justice system that has more empathy with the offender than it does for the victim of crime. Total Word Count (excluding bibliography) 2,000 words BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Blakemore, Ken (1998): Social Policy: an Introduction: Buckingham, UK:  Open University Press, Page 5 Cotterrell, Roger (1989): The Politics of Jurisprudence: a Critical Introduction to  Legal Philosophy: London, UK: Butterworths Devlin cited in Elliott, C Quinn, F (1998): English Legal System (2nd edition):  Essex, UK, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd: 449 Leigh, A; Read, T; and Tilley, N (1996): Home Office Problem-orientated Policing:  Published in Brit POP [Foreword]. In Police Research Group Paper [75]. London: HMSO Newburn, Tim and Crawford, Adam (2003) Youth Offending and Restorative  Justice: implementing reform in Youth Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishers Pampel, Fred (2000): Sociological Lives and Ideas: Basinstoke, UK: Macmillan  Roche, Declan (2004): Accountability in Restorative Justice. Oxford: Oxford  University Press Thompson, E.P. (1975). Whigs and Hunters. NY Pantheon ARTICLES: Henham, Ralph (1998): Human Rights, due process and sentencing.  In British Journal of Criminology, Issue 38, Page 592 Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 19: Thugs attack a funeral car   Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 20: Green, Deputy Chief Constable,  Greater Manchester, Page 8 Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 20: Beaten up on Video Phone, Front Page Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 20: Hoody ban eases shoppers’ fear, Page 8 Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 21: Beaten to death on his doorstep, Front Page The Times, 2005, May 5: The justice system must be forced to protect the innocent  including those pushed through desperation to act extremely   ONLINE RESOURCES (All Sites visited 24/05/05. Hyperlinks functioning) Blunkett, David (2002, June, 19): Balance of rights essential to effective justice.  Speaking at the Metropolitan Police Modernising Criminal Justice Conference http://www.cjsonline.org.uk/news/2002/june/balance_of_rights.html Blunkett, David (2002, July 17): Justice for All Radical reform of the Criminal  Justice System unveiled. Criminal justice reforms unveiled. Announcement from Home Secretary to the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales http://www.policesupers.com/police-supers-news.asp?news_id=139 Blunkett, David (2002, November, 14):  http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmvote/21114v01.htm   Blunkett, David, introducing the publication of the new White Paper, ‘Justice for all’,  2002, November 14: speaking at 3.30pm at the Youth Justice Board Annual   Cape, Ed (2004): Reconcilable Rights: analysing the tension between victims and defendants. Legal Action Group, 2004. http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:FHPdMNH7Xw0J:www.rethinking.org.uk/informed/lagbriefing.pdf+current+debate+regarding+victims%27+rightshl=en Cape, Ed (2004): Reconcilable Rights: analysing the tension between victims and defendants, Legal Action Group, 2004. In Victims’ and defendants’ rights:  can they be reconciled?. Rethinking Crime Punishment, 2005, April, http://www.rethinking.org.uk/informed/lagbriefing.pdf Convention at the Queen Elizabeth II conference centre, Westminster.  http://www.youth-justice-board.gov.uk/NR/exeres/73CB0429-624C-4CB5-98E2-EBBC8EF6E88C.htm Chief Secretary, Alan Milburn: (1999, June, 10):  £30 MILLION INVESTMENT TO  STREAMLINE THE JUSTICE SYSTEM. HM Treasury Press Release, Available at: http://www.hm-reasury.gov.uk/newsroom_and_speeches/press/1999/press_93_99.cfm Criminal Justice Conference, (2002, June, 19): Balance of Rights Essential to  Effective Justice. London: HMSO http://www.cjsonline.org.uk/news/2002/june/balance_of_rights.html HMSO, (1990): Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public. Cm 965. London: HMSO.  http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:n-zy-8yFCIEJ:webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/1996/issue3/rtf/henham3.rtf+HMSO%2BCrime,+Justice+and+Protecting+the+Publichl=en Home Secretary Rt Hon. Jack Straw, 1999, March, 25:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/303474.stm Home Secretary Rt Hon. Jack Straw speech in full (1999, September 30): the full  text of Home Secretary Jack Straws speech to the Labour Party conference. UK Politics http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/461967.stm Justice for All (2002, July), London: HMSO.  http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/downloads/application/pdf/CJS%20White%20Paper%20-%20Justice%20For%20All.pdf Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine (2002, July 17): Justice for All Radical reform of the  Criminal Justice System unveiled. Criminal justice reforms unveiled. Announcement from Home Secretary to the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales http://www.policesupers.com/police-supers-news.asp?news_id=139). Lord Falconer of Thoroton, 2003, December 3, DCA: Justice, Rights and  Democracy http://www.dca.gov.uk/speeches/2003/lc031203.htm Right Honourable Lord Justice Auld (2001, September): A Review of the Criminal  Courts of England and Wales. http://www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk/ Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor, Lord Falconer of  Thoroton (2003, December 3): DCA: Justice, Rights and Democracy. Speech to the Institute for Public Policy Research, http://www.dca.gov.uk/speeches/2003/lc031203.htm Worrall, Anne (1995): Real Punishment for Real Criminals? Community Sentences  and the Gendering of Punishment. http://www.britsoccrim.org/bccsp/vol01/VOL01_10.HTM