Lamont Doherty Observatory Essays - Columbia University,

Lamont Doherty Observatory Every year the Lamont ? Doherty Earth Observatory holds an open house in which scientists share their studies and really let the public see what and how they do what they do. Scientists at this research center are working together studying different fields of the Geologic sciences ranging from Oceanography, Geochemistry, Seismology, and even Marine Biology share their findings with the public. This year like every other year, they set up deferent exhibits and share the current research, studies and illustrations of the different Geologic processes along with their findings with anybody who is interested. For this assignment, we were asked to describe five of the exhibits from the LDEO open house. The five exhibits that called my attention the most were the Seismology, Geochemistry, Oceanography, Demonstration of Hard and Soft behavior of the surface of our, and the "Water Current Exhibit". 1- Seismology in simple terms is the study of earthquakes; it involves observations of natural ground vibrations and artificial vibrations. In this exhibit, the scientists were explaining how and earthquake forms and how it can be detected even hundreds of miles away via a Seismograph. Someone asked the question what is an earthquake. And the response was "well, it's a trembling or shaking of the ground causes by a sudden release of energy, energy that is stored in the rocks beneath the surface". I thought that was great so then, I asked how is this energy stored? And his explanation was very well illustrated by a simple demonstration. There sere two bricks joined together by a rubber band, at the end of the first brick there was a nylon thread which was being pulled slowly. He said imagine these two bricks are two plates floating on the mantle, as one moves slowly, it is"pulling" the rubber band that is attached to the other brick and tension is building over time then very sudden and quickly the rubber band pulls the brick behind it, and this is how the energy builds up and then it is released quickly. (Drawing of bricks) Then he had a Seismograph, a device that measures seismic waves on a table and he was explaining how to read the intensity of the vibrations. He had first one kid jumping in front of he seismograph, then two, then three, then four and so one and one could see the intensity of the vibrations being recorded by the seismograph. He also talked about the use of seismic stations all over to monitors earthquakes and artificial vibrations like explosions, etc. The Seismology department at LDEO monitors seismic activity in the Northeast region of the US; here is a map of the location of those seismographic stations. 2- Geochemistry is the applications of chemical principles and techniques to geologic studies to help us understand how chemical elements are distributed in the crust mantle and core of the earth. Geologists have many ways of gathering data for this kind of study, one of them is of course by taking samples and analyzing them, but in one of the labs at LDEO I saw something I thought was very interesting. Scientists want to know how a mineral of a given chemical composition behaves under extreme heat and pressure such as those found deep within the earth, but because they can not drill that deep to take samples, they came up with the idea of building a press that could replicate specific pressures and temperatures pretty much like those found deep within the earth. The press is relatively simple; it uses hydraulic power to generate the pressure and a special heater to generate tremendous amounts of heat, as much as 3000 degrees centigrade. This press uses anvels that press the sample from eight different directions thus increasing and redirecting the pressure exherted by the hydraulic press. By heating and pressuring the samples, they are able to study the chemical and crystal structure of different samples. The demonstration he gave was with a brass ball which he put inside the press, put the amvels on top and then pressured it just for a brief moment and the result was a ball with eight flat surfaces. I thought this was so interesting that I had to have the brass ball. 3- Deep Sea Sample Repository. The LDEO has an archive of sediment and rock from the beneath the ocean floor. This material is used for studies in oceanography, and marine geology. Most of the core samples are from the Atlantic Ocean, and during the open house, scientists took the

Long Term Goal Essay Sample - Writes Your Goals With Care

Long Term Goal Essay Sample - Writes Your Goals With CareWriting a long term goal essay can be challenging. With many people already working jobs or attending school, it's easy to lose sight of what really matters in life.Keeping your long term goal in sight is something you should be doing every day. Although you will never know what tomorrow holds, you should be looking ahead at the things you want for your future. A great way to get started with this is by writing an essay on your long term goals and what you want to achieve in each year.You might ask what is so important about writing a goal? Well, goals can be written in many ways. Here are three tips for writing a goal:Set a realistic goal for yourself and write down what you would like to achieve that goal. This is a very powerful technique that allows you to list out your hopes and aspirations. It gives you an easy to understand plan for each goal that can be written down, as well as a timeline that shows you where you are cu rrently at in your goal.Do you know what a goal essay sample is? It's basically just a guide you can use to brainstorm your goals and write them down with ease.Remember that writing requires focus, energy, and discipline. Be sure to add some organization into your writing by making a routine out of it.Create a huge picture approach to your writing. Organize it in to chapters and subsections and start writing.Creating a long term goal is important for you to have in order to develop your goals. Taking the time to write down your goals and do some research online is key to help you get there.

Soliloquies In Shakespeares Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Soliloquies In Shakespeares Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth Soliloquies in Shakespeare's Macbeth Even though people in retributive justice feel satisfaction, the perpetrator can also suffer. William Shakespeare?s powerful Macbeth shows the deterioration of an honourable and respectable general, Macbeth, who becomes a tragic hero after temptations from the witches and his wife to perform murders. Macbeth soliloquies enable the audience to experience the conflict within Macbeth and thus, gain an understanding of the reasons for his behavior and decisions. As a result, the tremendous reversal of Macbeth?s fortunes in the end leaves the audience filled not with pity, but also awe, at the realization that people can suffer greatly. Macbeth?s soliloquies before the murder of Duncan shows the vigorous internal struggle of himself, as his conscience is fighting against his evil minds. Also, they shows Macbeth has brought his own downfall upon himself. The audience will then feel pity about Macbeth?s deterioration brought by himself when witnessing his choice of following the evil. Macbeth is a courageous and honourable general in Scotland. His success in the battle against the invaders of Scotland gains respect from the King Duncan and his fellow soldiers. However, the demonic forces, symbolized by three witches, temptates Macbeth. The witches hail Macbeth as the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor who will be king and hail Banquo, who is a nobleman of Scotland and Macbeth?s friend, as one who will become the father of a line of kings. Macbeth ambition deep in his heart starts growing at that time. In Act I, scene iii, when Macbeth is thinking about the fulfillment of the two prophecies given by the witches before, "My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes my single state of man"(I, iii, 139- 140) In this soliloquy, Macbeth reflects his idea about the "two truths" told by the witches. He is ambitious to become king, as he reacts nervously when the witches mention his fate. The very idea of murder "shakes his single state of man". However, at this! point, he is loyal to the king, and he rejects the idea of murder, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir."(I, iii, 143-144) The predictions by the witches may have strengthened the criminal intentions that he had probably never yet dared to express clearly, even to himself. He is not alliance with crime, he is neutral, but obviously temptation is working upon him. Yet, he might overcome the promptings of his evil ambition by an effort. After the battle, Macbeth is greeted with effusive thanks by Duncan. Duncan then announces that he will make Malcolm heir to the throne. In Act I, scene iv, Macbeth in his aside states that this announcement is a bar to his ambition and calls upon darkness to cover what he wishes to be done: That is a step on which I must fall down, or else o?erleap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; let not light see my black and deep desires: The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see (I, iv, 49-54) As Duncan makes the announcement, Macbeth starts wondering if murder is the only way in which he can achieve the kingship. His ambition overcomes his finer nature. He calls upon the stars to hide their light, indicating that his "black" desires comes out, and he thinks it is too evil to be seen. Macbeth?s image of the eyes? winking upon the work of the hand is expressive both of his intense aversion to the deed and of his intense desire to get what the deed will accomplish. At the same time his "let that be" marks the point at which his fascinated contemplation of the thought of murdering Duncan becomes a resolution, although he will waver from it. The opposition between eye and hand is indicative of the civil war within him. In Act I, scene iv, shortly after Duncan?s arrival to Macbeth?s castle, Macbeth gives voice to his feeling concerning the rashness and the awfulness of the projected murder: If it were done when ?tis done, then ?twere well it were done quickly. If th? assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch, with his surcease,

504 Plans for Students with Dyslexia

504 Plans for Students with Dyslexia Some students with dyslexia are eligible for accommodations in school under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. This is a civil rights law prohibiting discrimination based on a disability in any agency or institution which receives federal funds, including public schools. According to the U.S. Office for Civil Rights, students are eligible for accommodations and services, as needed, under Section 504 if they (1) have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; or (2) have a record of such an impairment; or (3) be regarded as having such an impairment. A major life activity is one that an average person can complete with little or no difficulty. Learning, reading, and writing are considered major life activities. Developing a Section 504 Plan If parents believe their child needs a 504 plan, they must make a written request to ask the school to evaluate a child for eligibility for accommodations under Section 504. But teachers, administrators and other school personnel can also request an evaluation. Teachers might request an evaluation if they see a student having chronic problems in school and they believe these problems are caused by a disability. Once this request is received, the Child Study Team, which includes the teacher, the parents and other school personnel, meets to decide if the child is eligible for accommodations. During the evaluation, the team reviews recent report cards and grades, standardized test scores, discipline reports and talks with parents and teachers about school performance. If a child has been privately evaluated for dyslexia, this report will probably be included. If the student has other conditions, such as ADHD, a doctors report may have been submitted. The educational team reviews all of this information to decide if a student is eligible for accommodations under Section 504. If eligible, the team members will also offer suggestions for accommodations based on the individual needs of the student. They will also outline who, within the school, is responsible for implementing each of the services. Usually, there is an annual review to determine if the student is still eligible and to review the accommodations and see if changes need to be made. The General Education Teachers Role As the teacher, general educators should be involved in the evaluation process. During the evaluation, teachers are in a position to offer an insider view of the daily problems a student is having. This may mean completing a questionnaire to be reviewed by the team, or you may elect to attend the meetings. Some school districts encourage teachers to be in the meetings, giving their perspective and offering suggestions for accommodations. Because teachers are often the first line in implementing classroom accommodations, it makes sense for you to attend meetings so you better understand what is expected and you can voice objections if you feel an accommodation would be too disruptive for the rest of your class or too difficult to carry out. Once the Section 504 has been developed and accepted by the parents and the school, it is a legal contract. The school is responsible for making sure all aspects of the agreement are carried out. Teachers do not have the ability to decline or refuse to implement accommodations listed in the Section 504. They cannot pick and choose which accommodations they want to follow. If, after the Section 504 has been approved, you find that certain accommodations are not working in the students best interest or interfere with your ability to teach your class, you must talk with your schools 504 Coordinator and request a meeting with the educational team. Only this team can make changes to the Section 504 Plan. You may also want to attend the annual review. Usually Section 504 plans are reviewed on an annual basis. During this meeting the educational team will decide whether the student is still eligible and if so, whether the previous accommodations should be continued. The team will look to the teacher to provide information about whether the student utilized the accommodations and whether these accommodations helped the student within the classroom. Additionally, the educational team will look toward the coming school year to see what needs the student has.References: Frequently Asked Questions About Section 504 and the Education of Children with Disabilities, Modified 2011, Mar 17, Staff Writer, U.S. Department of Education: Office for Civil Rights IEPs vs. 504 Plans, 2010 Nov 2, Staff Writer, Sevier County Special Education Section 504 Handbook, 2010, Feb, Kittery School Department

Review the molecular mechanisms used by adult schistosoma worms to Essay

Review the molecular mechanisms used by adult schistosoma worms to survive in the bloodstream - Essay Example The remaining eggs often go into circulation and get filtered in the periportal tracts within the liver, and this causes periportal fibrosis. According to Ashton and Wilson (2001), the major schistosome species that affect individuals are: Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. These parasites experience remarkable physiological and morphological changes throughout their life as a means of survival and adaptation to their varying living conditions in different hosts. These parasites are unique because they exhibit unique adaptations both to free-living, as well as parasitic living. The adaptations exhibited by these parasites allow movement between intermediary hosts and the ultimate host. Schistosomes survive within the host by adopting mechanisms that counter the effect of the hosts’ defense mechanisms. These adaptations occur both at the molecular and structural levels. Schistosomes have various adaptations at the molecular level and these i nclude anti-oxidant production and glycoproteins secretion among others. Structural adaptations also help facilitate survival, and these include tails or cilia for swimming, secretory glands for penetration into the host, a glycocalyx for host immuno-modulation or protection of the parasite, a gynaecophoric canal for continued coupling between sexes, and a well-organized reproductive system for proper egg fertilization, as well as muscular suckers for feeding and attachment. This paper reviews these adaptation strategies, and how they are employed in survival. Additionally, possible interventions are proposed to counter the effect of these adaptations so as to make the parasites vulnerable to the host’s immune system and possible elimination. Adaptations for survival among schistosomes entail evasive strategies that enable the parasites to survive within the host without being affected by the hosts’ immunity. The evasion

Strategic Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Strategic Marketing Plan - Essay Example In essence, a smart TV is more like a smartphone and a great deal superior to the â€Å"idiot box† it used to be called (Sinclair 2011a, 3; Sinclair 2011c, 3). This strategic marketing plan is prepared for Samsung TV, which is particularly geared toward the Australian market. Before this report proceeds to Samsung TV, it will discuss the SBU in general first. Samsung (2011) aims to position itself as a leader in â€Å"innovative technology, distinctive designs, and a dual focus on convenience and value.† From 2007 to 2010, Samsung Electronics experienced continued revenue growth (Businessweek, 2011). The company posted 2007 revenues of $84.49 billion, which increased by $48.14 billion by 2010. In 2010, Samsung made $132.626 billion in revenues (Businessweek, 2011). Gross profit also jumped from $23.695 billion in 2007 to $44.569 billion in 2010 (Businessweek, 2011). Samsung also enjoyed profitability ratios that are part of the top ones in the industry. Return on Assets is 6.83%, Return on Capital is 9.11%, and Return on Equity is 16.07% (Businessweek, 2011). Gross margin is 31.86% and EBITDA Margin is 16.81% (Businessweek, 2011). Samsung Electronics Australia was created in1987 as a sales and marketing auxiliary of Samsung Electronics (AO3 2011). Samsung Electronics Australia is composed of three divisions: â€Å"Consumer Electronics, Information Technology, and Telecommunications† (AO3 2011). Furthermore, Samsung Australia’s TV business unit is considered as a â€Å"key driver in the Samsung Set Business portfolio, along with the Mobile phone business† (Samsung 2011). The TV business has held a strong top position in the market share (Samsung 2011). LED TVs have led the growth in the TV business, while Samsung’s LCD and Plasma TVs are also industry leaders (Samsung 2011). This indicates that for Samsung Australia, Samsung TV is a strategic fit within the corporate structure, because it sustains the marketing of innovation and

Debate on Victims Rights in Criminal Justice System

Debate on Victims Rights in Criminal Justice System â€Å"We need to re balance the system so that it delivers real justice for victims and the wider community† (David Blunkett, 2002). Critically assess the current debate regarding victims rights. INTRODUCTION CMS Funding was announced in June 1999 to â€Å"streamline the criminal justice system†(Chief Secretary, Alan Milburn, www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom, 1999), with a Ministerial Priority on Policing established (Rt Hon. Jack Straw, http://news.bbc.co.uk, 1999, March, 25). Following the publication of the Auld Report (www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk, 2001, September) a Government White Paper was published advocating a ‘joined up system’, echoing the â€Å"joined up Government in action† approach promoted by the Home Secretary in 1999 (Rt Hon. Jack Straw http://news.bbc.co.uk, 1999, March, 25). The remit of this White Paper was to identify a ‘clear focus on fighting and reducing crime’(Justice for All, HMSO, http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk, 2002, July). The rule of law should represent the ideal of a universal goodness exhibiting â€Å"no negative impact on any given society, and no negative characteristics that could apply to its nature’, likening it to Bentham’s ‘good in-and-of-itself’† according to Thompson (Thompson, 1975, Page 266). Unfortunately, it appears to be this concept that has swung too far in the favour of society’s miscreants to the detriment of their victims and the communities in which these offenders live, prompting the current debate on victims’ rights and David Blunkett’s intentions to re-address â€Å"the balance to deliver real justice to victims and the wider community† (Blunkett www.policesupers.com/police, 2002, July). DISCUSSION Whilst all people might be considered equal according to classicist precepts, with governments created by those individuals to protect the people’s rights through the recognition of a social contract (McCoubrey and White, 1999, Page 60 – 84), David Blunkett singles out a specific sector of society by suggesting that: â€Å"nearly three quarters of street crime offenders are under 17 and a hard core five per cent of juveniles are responsible for 60 per cent of offences for their age group† (Blunkett, www.publications.parliament.uk, 2002, November, 14) Clearly, despite the introduction of innumerable projects designed to re-integrate offenders back into their communities, the growth in lawless behaviour has not diminished. Many measures to restrain unacceptable behaviour are now available, amongst which are Youth Offending Teams, Final Warning Schemes, Detention and Training Orders, Acceptable Behaviour Programmes, Parenting Orders, Reparation Orders and Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (Blunkett, www.publications.parliament.uk, 2002, November, 14) although, retrospectively, little appears to have improved. In December 2003 Lord Falconer of Thoroton emphasised that this: â€Å"crime and anti-social behaviour corrupts communities, eating away at the fabric of the way we all want to live our lives† (Lord Falconer, www.dca.gov.uk2003, December 3). An increasing lack of morality appears to be more prevalent within modern society, with Chief Superintendent of Greater Manchester Police describing these amoral youths as â€Å"feral† (The Times Newspaper, 2005, May, 18). Despite all the legislation at the disposal of the criminal justice system, however, the ‘yob culture’ appears to be endemic, with the vulnerable in society more at risk of becoming victims than ever before. The media report lurid headlines on a daily basis: â€Å"Beaten to death on his doorstep† (Daily Mail, 2005, May 21); â€Å"Beaten up on Video Phone† (Daily Mail, 20/05/05); â€Å"Hoody ban eases shoppers’ fear† (Daily Mail, 20/05/05, page 8). The edition on May 19th 2005 reported how ‘thugs attack a funeral car’ by launching an 8 foot length of wood through the windscreen of the car travelling immediately behind the hearse. It has been reported that â€Å"†¦some forces are not making good use of legislation and tackling the imitation firearm problem† (Green, Deputy Chief Constable, Greater Manchester in Daily Mail, 20/05/05, Page 8) when children, some as young as 13, routinely carry replica BB guns, which can cause serious injury to targets up to 30 yards away, around the streets. In 2002 the Home Secretary intended: â€Å"to deliver real justice to victims and the wider community and strike a fair balance between the rights of victims and the accused† (Blunkett, www.policesupers.com, July 17). Evidence of this can be seen in the introduction of Problem Orientated Policing which incorporates community initiatives, together with a number of other stakeholders within the criminal justice system and aims to introduce additional improvements to the youth justice system and establish â€Å"more effective justice for victims and the wider community† through â€Å"more effective punishment and rehabilitation..†.(Leigh, Read and Tilley, 1996). Protecting the community should be at â€Å"the heart of a stable and civilised society† and these changes to the criminal justice system should be in accordance to society’s needs and expectations (Lord Chancellor, www.policesupers.com, 2002, July, 17). An example of which can be seen in South Africa which incorporates the ethos of restorative justice [known as ‘Zwelethemba’] with the essence of maintaining peace in the community (Roche, 2004: 85). Money received from this programme is contributed back into the community to reduce poverty and unemployment and attempt to remove the need for ‘draconian repressive measures’ (Roche, 2004: 231). Blakemore suggests that social policy should evaluate how policies impact on peoples’ lives (Blakemore, 1998: 5). Acceptable behaviour is enforced through law and morality which is maintained through rules and principles: â€Å"the cement of society† (Devlin cited in Elliott and Quinn, 1998: 449). This ‘cement’ illustrates legal moralism that has been identified as ‘socially significant’ (Cotterrell, 1989: 1), providing an analysis of law’s conceptual structures (1989, Page 3) and emphasising the importance of shared values, ultimately influencing individuals’ behaviour (Pampel, 2000: 57) a decline, as the result of organic solidarity differentiating collective conscience, creating an environment for an increase in crime. This philosophy of inter-related support has been recognised as structural functionalism which, taken to extremes, acknowledges that poverty and crime are normal and natural functions within any healthy society ( Pampel, 2000, Page 75). The Legal Action Group, meanwhile, suggest that â€Å"victims’ and defendants’ rights are mutually incompatible† (Cape, 2004) and suggest that victims rights are not being catered for; their rights are neither acknowledged nor respected. However, they also ascertain that, in making it easier to convict defendants is not in the best interests of the victims. The fragility between rights to security and freedom and the obligation to protect communities, reflects a natural result of shared morality without which â€Å"rules would lack meaning† (Pampel, 2000, Page 67). This factor was clearly recognised by David Blunkett who acknowledged â€Å"†¦the public felt that the system had swung too far in favour of the accused† (Criminal Justice Conference, www.cjsonline.org.uk, 2002, June, 19). However, this intensely deep-rooted problem of lawlessness within communities cannot be solved by the police alone. Henham observes that this can only be achieved through: â€Å"disregard of formal legal controls which prove an obstacle to the production of a high conviction rate† although he acknowledges that â€Å"due process† maintains an â€Å"adherence to courtroom procedure and protection of the individual† (Henham, 1998, Page 592). Pampel observes that â€Å"the problems of society become most visible when change occurs, and recent decades have brought immense social and economic changes† (Pampel, 2000: 52). Durkheim, meanwhile, noted that society works best when it exercises control over individuals (Pampel, 2000: 72). Laws are intended to regulate relationships with the result that conflict is avoided, enabling government and education to progress. With the intention of better justice through more consistent sentencing, the White Paper preceding the Criminal Justice Act 1991 suggested that â€Å"convicted criminals get their just deserts† (HMSO, 1990, Cm 965; Worrall, 1995). Restorative justice, however, is identified through mediation, conferencing, circles and reparative boards such as the utilisation of victim/offender mediation with the intention of reconciliation as opposed to merely conciliation, reflecting how restorative justice can fit into the existing criminal justice system and the identity of a modern definition of community, followed by the ethos of forgiveness. Whilst this concept has relevance in today’s society, human rights’ issues and society’s concepts of punishment’s role create a rhetoric which still needs to be resolved. The National Victim Support Programme was considered a way forward with respect to society’s acceptance of restorative justice but: â€Å"both of the major political parties have pursued half formed and in many ways half hearted policies in relation to victims of crime. There is little indication of change in this area† (Newburn and Crawford, 2003 117). Restorative justice is viewed with suspicion due to concern amongst the community in relation to appropriateness of restorative justice for cases of violence and the appropriate punishment in such cases. Added to this, the managerialism and financial control have impacted on the restorative justice movement. Where there is no precedent, the focus of control is balanced between local and central government, with penal reform likely to be forced into the background as: â€Å"the front bench Home Affairs spokesmen of both the major parties battling to out-tough each other, there appears little prospect of coherent and forward-thinking policy-making† (Newburn and Crawford, 2003:178). Individual and collective morality would assume that offenders should be punished to maintain the stability of the community and maintain their safety. A collective conscience ensures that the majority accept the rule of law and accept that deviance needs to be punished. Many organisations have highlighted the growth in recorded crime despite these measures in place to punish the offender. Punishment falls into various areas from incapacitation to retribution, deterrence to rehabilitation. Psychologically, restorative justice is assumed to invoke aesthetic sentiment of forgiveness for miscreants and release for victims. What it fails to do is provide society with assurances that their safety and integrity will be maintained in an atmosphere where the offenders’ rights appear to be upheld in variance with those of the victim, or the fundamental rights the victim is entitled to expect. Conformity through inner positive motivation exemplifies the theory of rehabilitation, although it has been criticised for disparity in proportionality. The concept is not based on the degree of offence committed or focused on the criminal’s past, but on future rehabilitation to preclude re-offending through changes of circumstances. An equally important part of restorative justice must be in measures to prevent crimes being committed. Funding of  £6 million has been invested in a Government programme to reduce crime. Some of these measures include restorative justice, enforcement of financial penalties, CCTV initiatives, treatment of offenders, youth inclusion initiatives, targeting policies and intervention work in schools (www.crimeredution.gov.uk). CONCLUSION Meanwhile, three years after it was recognised that real justice for victims and the wider community might be lacking, many changes to the criminal justice system have been introduced. In terms of victims rights, the criminal justice system is now expected to provide a ‘Victims’ Charter’ that sets out how victims might expect to be treated by the criminal justice system, certain vulnerable victims may be supported by the Victims Support network, and victims of sexual crimes may expect to be advised in advance of the offender being released. Within the terms of the criminal justice system itself these concessions are minimal when correlated with the cost in terms of anguish already experienced by the victims of crime. However, in the wider community even fewer safeguards actually exist to prevent innocent individuals from becoming unwilling victims of an increasingly degenerate society, with those innocent citizens unfairly penalised by the very organisation they would expect to provide them with support in the event of their retaliating and attempting to defend themselves, clearly evidenced in the recent reports in the media, i.e. â€Å"The justice system must be forced to protect the innocent including those pushed through desperation to act extremely† (The Times, 2005, May 5). One of the most topical stories in the media is the evolving ‘happy slapping’ craze with both the victims and the wider community now more vulnerable than they ever have been. When it comes to the death of an elderly pensioner innocently walking home and attacked by teenagers, and a plank of wood hurled at a funeral procession it is more than apparent that David Blunkett needs to provide a more effective means of delivering real justice for victims and the wider community, not just re-balancing the system, but completely re-evaluating the whole ethos of a citizen’s right to defend themselves without the additional fear of retribution from a criminal justice system that has more empathy with the offender than it does for the victim of crime. Total Word Count (excluding bibliography) 2,000 words BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Blakemore, Ken (1998): Social Policy: an Introduction: Buckingham, UK:  Open University Press, Page 5 Cotterrell, Roger (1989): The Politics of Jurisprudence: a Critical Introduction to  Legal Philosophy: London, UK: Butterworths Devlin cited in Elliott, C Quinn, F (1998): English Legal System (2nd edition):  Essex, UK, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd: 449 Leigh, A; Read, T; and Tilley, N (1996): Home Office Problem-orientated Policing:  Published in Brit POP [Foreword]. In Police Research Group Paper [75]. London: HMSO Newburn, Tim and Crawford, Adam (2003) Youth Offending and Restorative  Justice: implementing reform in Youth Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishers Pampel, Fred (2000): Sociological Lives and Ideas: Basinstoke, UK: Macmillan  Roche, Declan (2004): Accountability in Restorative Justice. Oxford: Oxford  University Press Thompson, E.P. (1975). Whigs and Hunters. NY Pantheon ARTICLES: Henham, Ralph (1998): Human Rights, due process and sentencing.  In British Journal of Criminology, Issue 38, Page 592 Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 19: Thugs attack a funeral car   Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 20: Green, Deputy Chief Constable,  Greater Manchester, Page 8 Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 20: Beaten up on Video Phone, Front Page Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 20: Hoody ban eases shoppers’ fear, Page 8 Daily Mail Newspaper, 2005, May 21: Beaten to death on his doorstep, Front Page The Times, 2005, May 5: The justice system must be forced to protect the innocent  including those pushed through desperation to act extremely   ONLINE RESOURCES (All Sites visited 24/05/05. Hyperlinks functioning) Blunkett, David (2002, June, 19): Balance of rights essential to effective justice.  Speaking at the Metropolitan Police Modernising Criminal Justice Conference http://www.cjsonline.org.uk/news/2002/june/balance_of_rights.html Blunkett, David (2002, July 17): Justice for All Radical reform of the Criminal  Justice System unveiled. Criminal justice reforms unveiled. Announcement from Home Secretary to the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales http://www.policesupers.com/police-supers-news.asp?news_id=139 Blunkett, David (2002, November, 14):  http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmvote/21114v01.htm   Blunkett, David, introducing the publication of the new White Paper, ‘Justice for all’,  2002, November 14: speaking at 3.30pm at the Youth Justice Board Annual   Cape, Ed (2004): Reconcilable Rights: analysing the tension between victims and defendants. Legal Action Group, 2004. http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:FHPdMNH7Xw0J:www.rethinking.org.uk/informed/lagbriefing.pdf+current+debate+regarding+victims%27+rightshl=en Cape, Ed (2004): Reconcilable Rights: analysing the tension between victims and defendants, Legal Action Group, 2004. In Victims’ and defendants’ rights:  can they be reconciled?. Rethinking Crime Punishment, 2005, April, http://www.rethinking.org.uk/informed/lagbriefing.pdf Convention at the Queen Elizabeth II conference centre, Westminster.  http://www.youth-justice-board.gov.uk/NR/exeres/73CB0429-624C-4CB5-98E2-EBBC8EF6E88C.htm Chief Secretary, Alan Milburn: (1999, June, 10):  £30 MILLION INVESTMENT TO  STREAMLINE THE JUSTICE SYSTEM. HM Treasury Press Release, Available at: http://www.hm-reasury.gov.uk/newsroom_and_speeches/press/1999/press_93_99.cfm Criminal Justice Conference, (2002, June, 19): Balance of Rights Essential to  Effective Justice. London: HMSO http://www.cjsonline.org.uk/news/2002/june/balance_of_rights.html HMSO, (1990): Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public. Cm 965. London: HMSO.  http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:n-zy-8yFCIEJ:webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/1996/issue3/rtf/henham3.rtf+HMSO%2BCrime,+Justice+and+Protecting+the+Publichl=en Home Secretary Rt Hon. Jack Straw, 1999, March, 25:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/303474.stm Home Secretary Rt Hon. Jack Straw speech in full (1999, September 30): the full  text of Home Secretary Jack Straws speech to the Labour Party conference. UK Politics http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/461967.stm Justice for All (2002, July), London: HMSO.  http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/downloads/application/pdf/CJS%20White%20Paper%20-%20Justice%20For%20All.pdf Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine (2002, July 17): Justice for All Radical reform of the  Criminal Justice System unveiled. Criminal justice reforms unveiled. Announcement from Home Secretary to the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales http://www.policesupers.com/police-supers-news.asp?news_id=139). Lord Falconer of Thoroton, 2003, December 3, DCA: Justice, Rights and  Democracy http://www.dca.gov.uk/speeches/2003/lc031203.htm Right Honourable Lord Justice Auld (2001, September): A Review of the Criminal  Courts of England and Wales. http://www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk/ Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor, Lord Falconer of  Thoroton (2003, December 3): DCA: Justice, Rights and Democracy. Speech to the Institute for Public Policy Research, http://www.dca.gov.uk/speeches/2003/lc031203.htm Worrall, Anne (1995): Real Punishment for Real Criminals? Community Sentences  and the Gendering of Punishment. http://www.britsoccrim.org/bccsp/vol01/VOL01_10.HTM